1.1 本规程提供了一套说明，用于估算从住宅排放的住宅用水的环境负荷。环境负荷是根据家中固定装置的数量和类型、使用的常见家用化学品以及家中的人数计算的。虽然该格式在国际上得到广泛应用，但本文所述参数反映了北美平均值，如果在其他地方使用，则需要修改。 1.1.1 平均值法- 平均值法提供了基于2000年的美国平均单户家庭的年度环境负荷估计值 美国 统计 2. 和2007美国。 统计 数据 3. 和美国。 EPA/625/R-00/008住宅废水流量的表征。 4. 注1: 2000年4月1日进行的2000年人口普查统计了281人 421 50个州和哥伦比亚特区的906人。 调查问卷包括每个家庭的七个问题:姓名、性别、年龄、关系、西班牙裔血统、种族以及住房单元是自有还是出租。除了这七个问题外，约17%的家庭获得了更长的问卷，包括关于祖先、收入、抵押贷款和住房面积的问题。 1.1.2 独特的产品参数方法- 唯一产品参数法提供了年度环境负荷的估计值，其中家庭/产品参数值与平均值法所用的值相同，但表1中列出的化学污染物的估计量除外 表1 或中所列产品的平均年总使用量 表1 ，或两者兼而有之。 1.1.3 调整平均值法- 调整后的平均值方法提供了年度环境负荷的估计，其中家庭/产品参数值不同于平均值方法所用的参数值，但与产品相关的化学污染物没有变化。 ( 表1 对于以下各项保持不变:典型水污染物、产品中污染物的估计量（%）和废物百分比。） 1.1.4 附加/替代化学品方法- 附加/替代化学品法提供了未在清单中列出的所用化学品的年度环境负荷估计值 表1 . 1.1.5 独特的产品参数法、调整后的平均值法和附加化学品法可以相互结合使用。 1.2 为独户住宅提供说明。通过假设平均房屋面积并乘以房屋数量，可以将估计扩大到单户住宅的总数。根据需要，通过将住宅参数分解为大小、占用率和固定装置，可以对多单元住宅进行估算。 1.3 就本惯例而言， 环境负荷 指可能溶解或悬浮在水中的化学污染物。 1.3.1 环境负荷估算不包括尿液、粪便和呕吐物中常见的有机物。 1.3.2 环境负荷估算不包括厨房垃圾等散装食物垃圾。 1.3.3 环境负荷估算不包括散装纤维素废物，如卫生纸。 1.3.4 环境负荷估算不包括其他固体废物，如包装物，不包括在 1.3.1 通过 1.3.3 . 1.3.5 实际环境负荷可能因特定家庭中使用的化学品的类型和数量以及家庭中的人数而异。 1.4 以英寸-磅为单位的数值应视为标准值。本标准不包括其他计量单位。 1.5 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.6 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 5.1 人们越来越关注水质。美国有毒物质水文学项目对溪流中的这些有机废水污染物进行了首次全国范围的检查。 S、 美国地质调查局（USGS）表示，在住宅、工业和农业废水中发现的各种化学品通常以低浓度的混合物形式存在于高度城市化和畜牧业生产地区的下游。化学品包括药物、天然和合成激素、洗涤剂代谢物、增塑剂、杀虫剂和阻燃剂。其中一种或多种化学物质是在80年前发现的 % 在采样的溪流中。 6. 5.2 建筑业主和设计专业人员可以使用这种做法来评估住宅的水管理影响。特别是，它旨在告知有关建筑物估计废水质量影响的设计决策和运行决策。 5.3 规划师和水处理专业人员可以使用此做法来评估居住区的水管理影响。 特别是，它旨在为有关住宅服务区估计废水质量影响的基础设施决策提供信息。 5.3.1 本规程可用于估算进入废水系统的非生物废物的类型和数量。这种知识在制定可持续的水管理方法方面变得越来越重要。 5.4 表2 ，美国普通独户家庭的环境负荷，并没有列出家庭中使用的所有化学品；为了获得更准确的估计，应列出特定家庭中使用的化学品。此外，监测废水以确定与估计环境负荷的差异（如有）可能会有所帮助。

1.1 This practice provides a set of instructions for estimating the environmental load of residential water, as it is discharged from a residence. The environmental load is calculated based on the number and type of fixtures in the home, the common household chemicals used, and the number of people in the home. While the format is broadly applied internationally, the parameters stated herein reflect North American averages and would need to be modified if used elsewhere. 1.1.1 Averages Method— The Averages Method provides an estimate of the annual environmental load for the average U.S. single-family home based on 2000 U.S. Census 2 and 2007 U.S. Census Data 3 and U.S. EPA/625/R-00/008 characterization of residential wastewater flows. 4 Note 1: Census 2000, taken April 1, 2000, counted 281 421 906 people in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The questionnaire included seven questions for each household: name, sex, age, relationship, Hispanic origin, race, and whether the housing unit was owned or rented. In addition to these seven questions, about 17 percent of the households got a much longer questionnaire including questions about ancestry, income, mortgage, and size of the housing unit. 1.1.2 Unique Product Parameters Method— The Unique Product Parameters Method provides an estimate of the annual environmental load, where the home/product parameter values are the same as those used for the Averages Method except for estimated amounts of chemical contaminants listed in Table 1 or average total annual use of products as listed in Table 1 , or both. 1.1.3 Adjusted Averages Method— The Adjusted Averages Method provides an estimate of the annual environmental load, where home/product parameter values differ from those used for the Averages Method, except that chemical contaminants associated with products do not vary. ( Table 1 remains the same for: Typical Water Contaminants, Estimated Amount of Contaminant in Product (%), and the Percent Waste.) 1.1.4 Additional/Alternative Chemicals Method— The Additional/Alternative Chemicals Method provides an estimate of the annual environmental load, of chemicals used that are not listed in Table 1 . 1.1.5 The Unique Product Parameters Method, Adjusted Averages Method, and Additional Chemicals Method may be used in combination with each other. 1.2 Instructions are provided for a single-family home. Estimates may be expanded to an aggregate number of single-family homes by assuming an average home size and multiplying by the number of homes. Estimates may be adapted to multi-unit residential buildings by factoring the home parameters for size, occupancy, and fixtures as necessary. 1.3 For the purpose of this practice, environmental load refers to chemical contaminants that may be dissolved or suspended in water. 1.3.1 Estimates of environmental load do not include organic matter common for urine, feces, and vomit. 1.3.2 Estimates of environmental load do not include bulk food waste such as kitchen scraps. 1.3.3 Estimates of environmental load do not include bulk cellulose waste such as toilet paper. 1.3.4 Estimates of environmental load do not include other solid wastes, such as wrappers, not covered by the waste groups covered in 1.3.1 through 1.3.3 . 1.3.5 Actual environmental load may vary depending on types and amounts of chemicals used in a specific home and the number of people in the home. 1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 There is increasing concern regarding water quality. The first national-scale U.S. examination of these organic wastewater contaminants in streams, conducted by the Toxic Substances Hydrology Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), indicated that a broad range of chemicals found in residential, industrial, and agricultural wastewaters commonly occurs in mixtures at low concentrations downstream from areas of intense urbanization and animal production. The chemicals include pharmaceuticals, natural and synthetic hormones, detergent metabolites, plasticizers, insecticides, and fire retardants. One or more of these chemicals were found in 80 % of the streams sampled. 6 5.2 This practice may be used by building owners and design professionals to assess water stewardship impacts of a residence. In particular, it is intended to inform design decisions and operation decisions regarding estimated wastewater quality impacts of a building. 5.3 This practice may be used by planners and water treatment professionals to assess water stewardship impacts of a residential area. In particular, it is intended to inform infrastructure decisions regarding estimated wastewater quality impacts of a residential service area. 5.3.1 This practice may be used to estimate the types and amounts of non-biological wastes entering a wastewater system. Such knowledge is becoming increasingly important in developing sustainable approaches to water stewardship. 5.4 Table 2 , Environmental Load for Average U.S. Single-Family Home, does not list all chemicals used in homes; in order to obtain a more accurate estimation, the chemicals used in specific homes should be listed. In addition, it may be helpful to monitor wastewater to determine variances, if any, from the estimated environmental load.