本研究的目的是证明对高度浑浊、高硬度的地表水进行综合膜处理（即超滤（UF）和纳滤（NF））。对UF的预处理进行了优化，以产生不少于30天的化学清洗频率。用化学物质（如铝和硫酸铁）进行预处理是减少膜污染和延长化学清洗间隔的一种方法。NF在这里用作软化过程，也能够去除DBP前体。资本成本和总水柱是根据试点试验期间完善的设计标准开发的。 这些成本与其他处理方案的成本进行了比较，包括石灰软化/臭氧氧化/生物活性过滤（BAF）和石灰软化/微滤（MF）或UF。从这项工作中获得的信息旨在帮助公用事业管理人员和工程师确定哪些技术适合处理具有挑战性的地表水供应。包括12个参考文献、表格和图表。

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate integrated membrane treatment (i.e.,ultrafiltration (UF) followed by nanofiltration (NF)) of a highly turbid, high hardness surface water. Pretreatment for UF was optimized to produce a chemical cleaning frequency no less than 30 days. Pretreatment with chemicals such as aluminum and ferric sulfate was evaluated as a method for reducing membrane fouling and lengthening the intervals between chemical cleanings. NF, used here as a softening process, was also capable of removing DBP precursors. Capital costs and total watercosts were developed based on design criteria refined during pilot testing. These costs were compared to costs for other treatment alternatives including lime softening/ozonation/biologically active filtration (BAF), and lime softening/microfiltration (MF) or UF. The information developed from this work is intended to help utility managers and engineers determine which technologies are appropriate for the treatment of challenging surface water supplies. Includes 12 references, tables, figures.