1.1 本试验方法涵盖了对金属材料进行小冲头变形试验的程序。结果可用于估算高达450°C的屈服强度和抗拉强度，以及根据铁基材料在-193°C至350°C或0.4°C温度范围内的小冲胀试验结果估算韧脆转变温度 T m 对于其他金属材料，其中 T m 是它们的熔化温度，单位为K。 1.2 以国际单位制表示的数值应视为标准值。 本标准不包括其他计量单位。 1.3 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.4 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 4.1 部件或结构设计中提供的安全裕度可因老化而在其整个使用寿命中降低。老化是部件或结构材料的物理和机械特性随时间或使用而变化的过程；这一过程可以通过单一老化机制或几种老化机制的组合进行。 4.2 术语“安全裕度”用于广义，指组件超过其正常运行要求的安全状态（即完整性和功能能力） ( 1. ) . 3. 4.3 因此，确定结构部件的机械性能，如屈服强度、抗拉强度和韧脆转变温度，对于优化操作程序和检查间隔，以及维修策略和剩余寿命评估是可取的。当前的标准化机械测试需要相对大量的测试材料，如果不进行采样后去除维修，则无法从在用设备中提取这些材料 ( 2. ) . 4.4 需要获得无需后处理的部件机械性能估计值- 取样去除修复导致了基于小型试样（通常为盘状或方形）渗透/膨胀试验的小冲头（SP）试验技术的发展 ( 3. , 4. , 5. ) . 由于待采样的材料数量非常有限，因此可以将其视为准无损技术。这是一种高效且具有成本效益的技术，有可能提供特定部件材料特性的估计值，识别损伤的当前状态，并将重点放在部件中最关键（压力最大、损伤最严重）的位置。 中提供了在小冲孔试验结果和特定类别材料的机械性能之间建立的经验相关性示例 附录X1 . 4.5 该试验方法还可用于确定最合适的材料，其抗操作损伤能力，如中子辐照、热老化等，以及优化其化学成分、热处理、，当试样尺寸受小辐照体积或高放射性限制时，该试验方法有助于研究辐射损伤的影响。 4.6 由于样本量小，该试验方法还允许估计非均匀材料（如焊缝）的机械性能 ( 6. ) . 产生窄几何梯度的焊接技术示例包括电子束或激光束焊接和金属涂层 ( 7. , 8. ) . 与基于局部区域实验室模拟的间接方法或基于广义方法的分析预测相比，该测试技术提供了更直接的材料特性估计方法。

1.1 This test method covers procedures for conducting the small punch deformation test for metallic materials. The results can be used to derive estimates of yield and tensile strength up to 450 °C, and estimates of the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature from the results of small punch bulge tests in the temperature range from -193 °C to 350 °C for iron based materials or 0.4 T m for other metallic materials, where T m is their melting temperature in K. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 The safety margins provided in the design for a component or structure can be reduced throughout its service life by aging. Aging is the process by which the physical and mechanical characteristics of component or structure materials change with time or use; this process may proceed by a single aging mechanism or a combination of several aging mechanisms. 4.2 The term “safety margin” is used in a broad sense, meaning the safety state (that is, integrity and functional capability) of components in excess of their normal operational requirements ( 1 ) . 3 4.3 The determination of mechanical properties such as yield strength, tensile strength, and ductile-to-brittle transition temperature of structural components is, hence, desirable for optimization of operating procedures and inspection intervals, as well as repair strategies and residual lifetime assessment. Current standardized mechanical tests require relatively large volumes of test material that cannot be extracted from in-service equipment without post-sampling removal repair ( 2 ) . 4.4 The need to obtain estimates of the mechanical properties of components without post-sampling removal repair has led to the development of small punch (SP) test techniques based on penetration/bulge tests of miniaturized test specimens (often disk-shaped, or square) ( 3 , 4 , 5 ) . It can be considered as a quasi-nondestructive technique because of the very limited amount of material to be sampled. It is an efficient and cost-effective technique and has the potential to provide estimates of the material properties of the specific component, identifying the present state of damage and focusing on the most critical (most stressed, most damaged) locations in the component. Examples of empirical correlations that have been established between small punch test results and mechanical properties for specific classes of materials are provided in Appendix X1 . 4.5 This test method can be also used for identifying the most suitable materials with respect to their resistance against operational damage, like neutron irradiation, thermal aging etc., as well as for optimization of their chemical composition, thermal heat treatment, etc. This test method is beneficial in the study of the effect of radiation damage when test specimen dimensions are limited by small irradiation volume or high activity. 4.6 Due to the small sample size, this test method also allows estimating mechanical properties of non-uniform materials such as welds ( 6 ) . Examples of weld techniques that produce narrow geometric gradients include electron beam or laser beam welds, and metal coatings ( 7 , 8 ) . This test technique provides a more direct means of estimating material properties than indirect methods based on laboratory simulations of the localized regions or analytical predictions based on generalized methods.