本powerpoint演示文稿首先介绍有关纳滤的问题陈述: 纳滤（NF）具有诱人的过滤能力 多价离子的压力远低于用于 反渗透； NF生产率通常受到多组分污染的阻碍 由胶体物质、溶解有机物、无机物引起 沉淀和微生物聚集在膜上 表面和 污染物与污染物的相互作用会导致更复杂的污垢 比个别污垢现象的行为更严重。 研究目标是开发一个综合模型，该模型能够: 描述由三种不同的污染物造成的复合污染； 统一双组分污垢模型，如滤饼强化渗透模型 压力和双分散胶体污染；包括所有单组分污染情况。提出了该理论，并将其分解为单线态污垢、双线态污垢、三线态污垢和等效通量。陈述结论如下: 在Happel细胞模型的基础上发展了一种新的理论 分析胶体、大分子和溶质的组合污染 离子； 复合污垢的阻力远大于每种污垢 胶体和大分子单独污染的情况；在死端过滤开始时，BSA凝胶层进行 随着体积分数的增加，显著的结构压缩， 而海藻酸钠和右旋糖酐则不然； 胶体和BSA在反应的早期没有很好地混合 过滤，导致渗透的理论预测不足 通量和 理论的 组合污垢通量及其当量 流量 弱形式提供了实验结果的上下限 三重污染通量；因此，使用个体测量 胶体和大分子单独的污染现象， 渗透 可以很好地估计三重态污垢的通量。包括数字。

This powerpoint presentation begins by presenting the problem statement concerning nanofiltration: nanofiltration (NF) has an attractive capability of rejecting multivalent ions at a much lower pressure than that used for reverse osmosis (RO); NF productivity is generally hampered by multicomponent fouling caused by colloidal materials, dissolved organics, inorganic precipitates, and microorganisms accumulating on the membrane surface; and, foulant-foulant interactions cause much more complex fouling behaviors than those of individual fouling phenomena. The research goal was to develop an integrated model that has the ability to: describe combined fouling due to three different foulants; unify two-component fouling models such as cake-enhanced osmotic pressure and bi-dispersed colloidal fouling; and, include all the single-component fouling scenarios. The theory is presented and is broken down into singlet fouling, doublet fouling, triplet fouling, and equivalent flux. Presentation conclusions indicate the following: a novel theory was developed on the basis of the Happel's cell model to analyze the combined fouling of colloids, macromolecules, and solute ions; resistance of the combined fouling is much greater than each fouling of colloids-alone and macromolecules-alone cases; at the beginning of dead-end filtration, BSA gel layer undergoes remarkable structural compression with increasing volume fraction, while alginate and dextran do not; colloids and BSAs are not well mixed during the early stage of the filtration, causing theoretical under-prediction of the permeate flux; and, theoretical flux of combined fouling and the equivalent flux of the weak form provide the lower and upper bounds of the experimental flux of the triplet fouling; therefore, using measurement of individual fouling phenomena of colloids-alone and macromolecules-alone cases, the permeate flux of triplet fouling can be well estimated. Includes figures.