1.1 本指南涵盖了用于护送穿过受限水域的船舶的护送船的评估和选择。护航船的目的是将因失去推进力或转向而无法控制的船舶移动限制在航道的航行限制范围内。本指南中涉及的各种因素也可以整合到在给定水道护送给定船舶的计划中。本指南还介绍了设备的选择。 1.2 本指南可用于基于性能的分析，以评估: 1.2.1 失效船舶的控制要求， 1.2.2 护航船的性能， 1.2.3 航道的航行界限和固定障碍物， 1.2.4 影响护送响应的环境条件（风和海），以及 1. 2.5 组合失效船舶/护航船的操纵特性。 1.3 本指南概述了如何整合这些不同因素，以形成特定船舶或特定水道的护航计划。它还概述了培训计划和护送相关活动设备的选择。 1.4 制定和实施护送计划的总体流程图如所示 图1 . 该过程从收集适当的数据开始，根据性能标准进行分析，并与具有当地专业知识的个人（如飞行员、水道管理局、利益集团或公共/私人组织等）协商。这就产生了各种运输速度和条件下护航船的性能要求；这些都体现在该船的护航计划中。 在为实际运输做准备时，将结合预测条件和预期运输速度参考计划，以选择和调度适当的护航船（或船只组合）。召开护航前会议，以确保所有主要人员（船长、引航员和护航船长）充分了解如何在紧急情况下进行安全运输和互动。 图1 制定和实施护送计划的总体流程图 1.5 本指南阐述了护送的各个方面，包括几个性能标准和分析标准的方法，以及培训、装备和其他护送相关考虑因素。本指南可适当扩展，以添加新标准，随着行业中获得更多护送经验，纳入“经验教训”，或包括分析标准的替代方法。 1.6 本指南介绍了在护航船的协助下对失效船舶的物理控制。其他可能的功能，如消防、导航或导航冗余，不在本指南的范围内。此外，本指南适用于沿海水道中的远洋船舶；它不适用于河流环境中的驳船管柱。 1.7 以英寸-磅为单位的数值应视为标准值。本标准不包括其他计量单位。 1.8 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 4.1 本指南介绍了一些方法，以预测将残疾船舶控制在航道可用范围内所需的力，同时考虑风和海况的局部影响。本文介绍了确定护航船可合理预期施加在失效船舶上的控制力的方法，其中考虑了船舶设计、运输速度、风、洋流和海况。在某些情况下，本指南提供了可直接使用的公式；在其他情况下，各种因素的相互作用更为复杂，它提供了可用于开发计算机模拟的分析过程。 4.2 与更传统的在遮蔽港口协助靠泊或在长拖绳末端拖拉“死船”的工作不同，护航任务假设失效船舶在故障时处于运输速度，并且可能处于受风、海流和海况影响的暴露水域。 4.3 航道或水道的航行限制可能会限制可用的操纵区域，在该区域内，残疾船舶必须在搁浅或与水道中的固定物体碰撞之前得到控制（见 阿利森 ). 4.4 护航任务要求护航船能够及时作出反应，并能够安全地对受损船舶施加大量控制力。这需要评估护卫舰在不同速度下的马力、转向力和减速力、机动性、稳定性和舾装（牵引装置、挡泥板等）。本指南可用于制定护航计划，为特定水道中的特定船舶选择合适的护航船。 4.5 本指南中概述的方法和流程是为了提高性能- 基于对护送场景的分析。这意味着船只（或船只组合）是否可接受护航取决于是否能够根据规定的性能标准控制受损船只。本指南介绍了四个选定的性能指标: 4.5.1 牵引- 在指定参数下拖曳受损船舶的能力， 4.5.2 正在停止- 在规定参数内停止失效船舶的能力， 4.5.3 转弯- 能够在指定参数内转动禁用的船舶，以及 4.5.4 保持稳定- 在指定参数下使故障船舶保持稳定航向的能力。 4.6 “指定参数”是性能分析中必须考虑的额外细节。这些参数可能由实施护航要求的监管机构、评估在特定水道护航可行性的研究小组、或由船舶或护航船运营商自己指定，以定义其船舶的性能范围。 这些参数的一些示例包括: 4.6.1 船舶通过速度（故障时刻）； 4.6.2 故障场景（单独的方向舵故障，或同时的方向舵/推进故障，故障程度等）； 4.6.3 必须控制失效船舶的导航约束（如允许的前进和转移、交叉航迹误差等）； 4.6.4 风、海流和海况；和 4.6.5 延时、故障识别、决策、护卫舰通知、护卫舰定位、实现全功率等。 4.7 本指南的预期用户包括: 4.7.1 要求选择符合本指南所述性能指标的护航船的船东/运营商。 4.7.2 需要根据本指南所述措施评估其船舶性能能力的护航船设计师/运营商。 4.7.3 已在特定水道中实施本指南中绩效措施的监管机构，以为水道中的各种尺寸船舶开发合适的护航船矩阵。 4.7.4 执法机构可以使用本指南来确认/验证是否符合性能指标（即，正在选择合适的护航船）。 4.7.5 研究小组可以使用本指南探索护航作为缓解特定水道风险的一种手段的可行性和有效性。 4.8 本指南不涉及带驳船船队或驳船拖船的护航船的使用。然而，如果对驳船运输护航船进行评估，本指南的某些章节将很有用。段落 5.4 和 5.5 ，以及所有部分 6. 将适用于此类分析。 4.9 本指南中介绍的方法和流程将为性能度量提供有效的解决方案。 这意味着可以合理预期所选护航船将在指定参数内控制失效船舶。然而，提醒用户，围绕致残事件的其他情况仍可能妨碍护卫人员安全响应（如火灾）。 4.10 本指南中的方法不一定是唯一可用于找到性能度量解决方案的方法。可能还有其他分析方法也会产生有效的结果。希望在开发这些替代方法时，将其纳入本指南。

1.1 This guide covers the evaluation and selection of escort vessels that are to be used to escort ships transiting confined waters. The purpose of the escort vessel is to limit the uncontrolled movement of a ship disabled by loss of propulsion or steering to within the navigational constraints of the waterway. The various factors addressed in this guide also can be integrated into a plan for escorting a given ship in a given waterway. The selection of equipment also is addressed in this guide. 1.2 This guide can be used in performance-based analyses to evaluate: 1.2.1 The control requirement of a disabled ship, 1.2.2 The performance capabilities of escort vessels, 1.2.3 The navigational limits and fixed obstacles of a waterway, 1.2.4 The ambient conditions (wind and sea) that will impact the escort response, and 1.2.5 The maneuvering characteristics of combined disabled ship/escort vessel(s). 1.3 This guide outlines how these various factors can be integrated to form an escort plan for a specific ship or a specific waterway. It also outlines training programs and the selection of equipment for escort-related activities. 1.4 A flowchart of the overall process for developing and implementing an escort plan is shown in Fig. 1 . The process begins with the collection of appropriate data, which are analyzed with respect to the performance criteria and in consultation with individuals having local specialized knowledge (such as pilots, waterway authorities, interest groups, or public/private organizations, and so forth). This yields escort vessel performance requirements for various transit speeds and conditions; these are embodied in the ship's escort plan. When the time comes to prepare for the actual transit, the plan is consulted in conjunction with forecast conditions and desired transit speed to select and dispatch the appropriate escort vessel (or combination of vessels). A pre-escort conference is conducted to ensure that all principal persons (ship master, pilot, and escort vessel masters) have a good understanding of how to make a safe transit and interact in the event of an emergency. FIG. 1 Flowchart of the Overall Process for Developing and Implementing an Escort Plan 1.5 This guide addresses various aspects of escorting, including several performance criteria and methodologies for analyzing the criteria, as well as training, outfitting, and other escort-related considerations. This guide can be expanded as appropriate to add new criteria, incorporate “lessons learned” as more escorting experience is gained in the industry, or to include alternative methodologies for analyzing the criteria. 1.6 This guide addresses physical control of the disabled ship with the assistance of the escort vessel(s). Other possible functions, such as firefighting, piloting, or navigational redundancy, are outside the scope of this guide. Also, this guide was developed for application to oceangoing ships in coastal waterways; it is not suitable for application to barge strings in riverine environments. 1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 This guide presents some methodologies to predict the forces required to bring a disabled ship under control within the available limits of the waterway, taking into account local influences of wind and sea conditions. Presented are methodologies to determine the control forces that an escort vessel can reasonably be expected to impose on a disabled ship, taking into account the design of the ship, transit speed, winds, currents, and sea conditions. In some instances, this guide presents formulae that can be used directly; in other instances, in which the interaction of various factors is more complicated, it presents analytic processes that can be used in developing computer simulations. 4.2 Unlike the more traditional work of berthing assistance in sheltered harbors or pulling a “dead ship” on the end of a long towline, the escorting mission assumes that the disabled ship will be at transit speed at the time of failure, and that it could be in exposed waters subject to wind, current, and sea conditions. 4.3 The navigational constraints of the channel or waterway might restrict the available maneuvering area within which the disabled ship must be brought under control before it runs aground or collides with fixed objects in the waterway (see allision ). 4.4 The escort mission requires escort vessel(s) that are capable of responding in timely fashion and that can safely apply substantial control forces to the disabled ship. This entails evaluation of the escort vessel's horsepower, steering and retarding forces at various speeds, maneuverability, stability, and outfitting (towing gear, fendering, and so forth). This guide can be used in developing escort plans for selecting suitable escort vessel(s) for specific ships in specific waterways. 4.5 The methodologies and processes outlined in this guide are for performance-based analyses of escort scenarios. This means that the acceptability of a vessel (or combination of vessels) for escorting is based upon the ability to control the disabled ship in accordance with specified performance criteria. This guide addresses four selected performance measures: 4.5.1 Towing— the ability to tow the disabled ship under specified parameters, 4.5.2 Stopping— the ability to stop the disabled ship within specified parameters, 4.5.3 Turning— the ability to turn the disabled ship within specified parameters, and 4.5.4 Holding steady— the ability to hold the disabled ship on a steady course under specified parameters. 4.6 The “specified parameters” are additional details that must be factored into the performance analysis. These parameters might be specified by a regulatory agency imposing the escort requirement, by a study group evaluating the feasibility of escorting in a particular waterway, or by the ship or escort vessel operators themselves to define the performance envelope of their vessels. Some examples of these parameters are: 4.6.1 A ship transit speed (at the moment of failure); 4.6.2 The failure scenario (rudder failure alone, or simultaneous rudder/propulsion failure, degree of failure, and so forth); 4.6.3 Navigational constraint within which the disabled ship must be brought under control (such as allowable advance and transfer, cross-track error, and so forth); 4.6.4 Wind, current, and sea conditions; and 4.6.5 Time delays, failure recognition, decision making, escort vessel notification, escort vessel positioning, achieving full power, and so forth. 4.7 The anticipated users of this guide are: 4.7.1 Ship owners/operators who are required to select escort vessel(s) that meet the performance measures addressed by this guide. 4.7.2 Escort vessel designers/operators who need to evaluate the performance capabilities of their vessels with respect to the measures addressed by this guide. 4.7.3 Regulatory agencies that have imposed the performance measures in this guide in a particular waterway to develop suitable escort vessel matrices for various sized ships in the waterway. 4.7.4 Enforcement agencies can use this guide to confirm/verify compliance with the performance measures (that is, that suitable escort vessel(s) are being selected). 4.7.5 Study groups can use this guide to explore the feasibility and effectiveness of escorting as a means of mitigating risk on a particular waterway. 4.8 This guide does not address the use of escort vessels with barge fleets or barge tows. However, some sections of this guide would be useful if an evaluation of escort vessels with barge shipments were undertaken. Paragraphs 5.4 and 5.5 , and all of Section 6 would apply in this type of analysis. 4.9 The methodologies and processes presented in this guide will yield valid solutions to the performance measures. This means that the selected escort vessel(s) can reasonably be expected to control the disabled ship within the specified parameters. However, users are reminded that other circumstances surrounding the disabling incident may still preclude the escorts from safely responding (such as fire). 4.10 The methodologies in this guide are not necessarily the only ones that can be used to find solutions for the performance measures. There may be other analytic approaches that also will yield valid results. It is hoped that as these alternative methods are developed, they will be incorporated into this guide.