1.1 本指南提供了一个框架来表征位于活性或非活性储存单元中的燃煤产品（CCP），以供潜在的收获和有益的使用，并可被视为指南的配套标准 E3183 。 1.2 本指南提供了一个框架，以解决与放置在活动（运行）和非活动存储（关闭或不再接收CCP）存储区的CCP的特征相关的关键方面。这些储存区域可用于湿式或干式CCP。 1.3 本指南不包括如何确定应选择哪些存储区域或设施进行CCP的潜在表征的信息，因为每个实体可能会根据其自身意图和监管要求制定表征计划。 此外，它不包括用户应如何评估库存以确定其存储区域的顺序以进行潜在表征的信息，包括考虑风险、性能和成本。本潜在收获有益用途指南旨在用于在选择储存区域进行评估后评估储存区域。 1.4 本指南不包括实施CCP表征活动可能需要的许可信息，也不包括可能与加工或最终用途相关的许可信息。因此，可能需要本指南中未讨论的其他批准。 1.5 本指南旨在帮助描述可能收获的CCP，同时了解其在给定湿或干储存区域内的均匀性。 1.6 可表征的CCP包括飞灰、底灰和省煤器灰；锅炉炉渣；烟气脱硫材料；术语中定义的流化床燃烧产物 E2201年 ；中心气泡；或适合有益使用的其他材料。 1.7 管辖CCP使用的法律和批准要求因地区、州、省和国家而异，通常还不包括本文所述CCP特征的规定。本指南的用户负责确定并遵守适用的批准要求，这些要求可能超出特征，包括关于干扰、储存、运输、最终用途和其他概念等问题的批准要求或指南。 本指南可以补充认证程序，在认证程序中，无法获得或不充分的特征化指南，从而提高此类存储区域被重新用于公共或私人利益或两者兼有的机会。在特征化活动的规划、设计和实施过程中，尽早且经常地与批准机构接触并对其进行教育可能很重要。项目团队还可以考虑提供一个机会，征求其他利益相关者的意见。 1.8 本指南不应用于表征（即环境评估）用于所有权转让的湿或干CCP储存区，尽管使用本指南表征CCP产生的部分此类信息可能会补充此类转让中使用的其他环境评估。 1.9 单位- 以国际单位制或英寸磅单位表示的数值应单独视为标准。每个系统中规定的值可能不是完全相等的；因此，每个系统应独立使用。将两个系统的值结合起来可能会导致不符合标准。 1.10 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.11 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 4.1 目的- 本指南提供了一个过程，用于描述放置在活动和非活动储存区的现有CCP，以帮助制定潜在的收获策略。在本指南中，包含了关于以下活动的信息，这些活动是对储存区CCP进行安全有效表征所需的: （1） 可用的现场特征信息清单/审查， （2） 可用的最终用途信息清单/审查， （3） 与所选CCP特征和RDM相关的最终用途和置信水平（一级、二级和三级）； （4） CCP特征化计划制定；和 （5） CCP储存区特征报告。 有关这些活动的更详细说明，请参阅第节 6– 10 。 4.2 CCP的潜在有益用途- 有许多CCP储存区具有潜在的可采性，并可提供功能优势。有益地使用这些储存区中包含的CCP可以为用户带来显著的环境和经济效益，并可以显著减少处置操作 ( 1个- 4. ) 。 9 CCPs的有益使用可以为行业提供一种安全和负责任的方式来经济地管理CCPs，同时促进保护和回收，实现可持续发展目标，并解决一些建筑产品市场领域CCPs的短缺问题 ( 1. ， 2. ， 5. ) CCP由飞灰、底灰、锅炉炉渣、FBC灰、省煤器灰和FGD材料组成。最终用途可能包括水泥/混凝土、轻骨料、可流动填料、控制或结构填料、路基/底基层、土壤改良剂、废物稳定/固化、农业、灌浆、矿物填料、雪/冰牵引控制、喷砂/磨料、屋顶颗粒、采矿应用、石膏板等（见术语 E2201年 CCP的定义）（章节 6. 和 7. )。 4.2.1 飞灰是现有储存区中含量最高的CCP。其有益用途包括但不限于部分替代混凝土中的水泥和混凝土产品。一旦进入混凝土，粉煤灰与硅酸盐水泥反应，产生额外的反应产物，提高混凝土的强度和耐久性； 用于生产熟料的原料——粉煤灰可以与其他矿物一起煅烧以生产熟料；混合水泥粉煤灰是生产混合水泥的重要成分，尤其是当需要火山灰性能时；当用作塑料中的填料时，塑料中的填充物飞灰通常增加刚度和抗压强度；包括飞灰的CLSM-CLSM通常具有改进的流动性和强度以及减少的泌水和收缩；作为土壤稳定材料；作为结构填料和矿山复垦项目中的骨料/土壤替代建筑材料；地毯衬垫中的填料飞灰含量很高- 高性能矿物填料；以及作为垃圾填埋场和修复项目中的固化剂（第节 6– 9 )。 4.2.2 底灰可有利地用作生产熟料的原料、结构填料的组成部分以及砌体产品制造中的骨料（第节 6. ， 7. 和 9 )。 4.2.3 锅炉炉渣可用作爆破砂砾和屋顶颗粒。其他应用包括但不限于作为沥青结构填料和矿物填料的组成部分（第 7. 和 9 )。 4.2.4 FBC灰可作为低强度混凝土材料和土壤稳定剂用于各种混合物中（第 7. )。 4.2。 5. 烟气脱硫石膏，在大多数情况下，通常有益地用于石膏板产品。其他用途包括在农业应用中改良土壤，作为结构填料的组成部分，以及作为水泥生产的重要组成部分（第 6. ， 7. 和 9 )。 4.3 审批上下文- 本指南不取代当地、州或国家的要求（如适用）。本指南适用于批准机构计划内的存储区域和历史（或未允许）存储区域。 4.3.1 为了在批准机构计划内对储存区的CCP进行表征，以进行潜在收获，应仔细审查并遵循管理文件，以确定与收获设计、操作、监测、关闭和关闭后相关的所有要求都得到了遵守，或者为合规性建立了协议，并允许进行表征活动。 4.3.2 为了对历史（或未经许可）储存区的CCP进行表征，以进行潜在的收割，项目团队可以获得适当的地方、州、省、国家或其组合的批准，当局确定适当的要求，并应确定将适当的工程控制和机构控制纳入表征项目。 4.3.3 除了与CCP储存区和收割活动相关的批准外，一些司法管辖区可能对材料的有益用途有单独的批准程序。该审批过程通常被称为有益用途确定，可能需要对材料和有益用途进行表征。 需要批准有益用途的司法管辖区也可以保留某些材料或有益用途的豁免或预先终止。 4.4 指南的使用- 审批机构可将本指南全部或部分纳入通用指南文件或现场特定审批文件中。 4.5 专业判断- 本指南假定环境专业人员积极参与，该专业人员了解如何确定CCP的特征、设计和建造储存区，并确定可接受的现场条件，或在适当的情况下，满足适用的法定或批准机构对使用操作、封闭或历史（未经允许）储存区的限制。 4.6 固有不确定性- 即使决策基于客观的科学原则和公认的行业实践，专业判断、解释和一些不确定性也是本文所述过程中固有的。

1.1 This guide provides a framework to characterize coal combustion products (CCPs) situated in active or inactive storage units for potential harvesting and beneficial use and may be considered a companion standard to Guide E3183 . 1.2 A framework is provided in this guide to address critical aspects related to the characterization of CCPs placed in active (operational) and inactive storage of (closed or no longer receiving CCPs) storage area(s). These storage area(s) may be used for wet or dry CCPs. 1.3 This guide does not include information on how to determine what storage area(s) or facilities should be selected for potential characterization of CCPs as each entity may approach a characterization program in accordance with their own intent and regulatory requirements. In addition, it does not include information on how the user should evaluate inventories to determine the order of their storage area(s) for potential characterization including consideration of risk, performance, and cost. This guide for potential harvesting for beneficial use is intended to be used to evaluate the storage area(s) once the storage area(s) are selected for evaluation. 1.4 This guide does not include information on the permitting that may be required to implement CCP characterization activities or may be associated with the processing or end use(s). Therefore, additional approvals not discussed within this guide may be needed. 1.5 This guide is intended to help characterize CCPs that may be harvested while gaining understanding of their homogeneity within a given wet or dry storage area. 1.6 The CCPs that may be characterized include fly ash, bottom ash, and economizer ash; boiler slag; flue gas desulfurization material; fluidized bed combustion products as defined in Terminology E2201 ; cenospheres; or other materials suitable for beneficial use. 1.7 Laws and approval requirements governing the use of CCPs vary by locality, state, province, and country and generally do not yet include provisions for CCP characterization as described herein. The user of this guide is responsible for determining and complying with the applicable approval requirements, which may extend beyond characterization to include approval requirements or guidance on issues such as disturbance, storage, transportation, end use, and other concepts. This guide may complement approval programs in which guidance on characterization is unavailable or insufficient, thereby improving the chance that such storage area(s) may be repurposed for public or private benefit or both. It may be important to engage and educate the approval authority early and often throughout the planning, design, and implementation of the characterization activities. The project team may also consider affording an opportunity to solicit input from other stakeholders. 1.8 This guide should not be used to characterize (that is, environmentally assess) wet or dry CCP storage area(s) for ownership transfer, although portions of such information resulting from characterizing CCPs using this guide may supplement other environmental assessments that are used in such a transfer. 1.9 Units— The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. 1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 Purpose— This guide provides a process for characterization of existing CCPs placed in active and inactive storage area(s) to assist in potential harvesting strategies. In this guide, information on the following activities required for the safe and effective characterization of CCPs from storage area(s) is included: (1) available site characterization information inventory/review, (2) available end use(s) information inventory/review, (3) end use(s) and level of confidence (Tiers I, II, and III) related to the CCP characterization selected and RDM; (4) CCP characterization plan development; and (5) CCP storage area(s) characterization report. More detailed descriptions of these activities are in Sections 6 – 10 . 4.2 Potential Beneficial Use(s) of CCPs— There are many CCP storage area(s) that are potentially harvestable and can provide a functional benefit. The beneficial use of CCPs contained in these storage area(s) can have significant environmental and economic benefits for the user and can significantly reduce disposal operations ( 1- 4 ) . 9 Beneficial use of CCPs can provide industry with a safe and responsible way to manage the CCPs economically, while promoting conservation and recycling, meeting sustainability goals, and addressing the shortage of CCPs in some building product market areas ( 1 , 2 , 5 ) . CCPs consist of fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag, FBC ash, economizer ash, and FGD material. End use(s) may include cement/concrete, light aggregate, flowable fill, controlled or structural fill, road base/subbase, soil amendment, waste stabilization/solidification, agriculture, grout, mineral filler, snow/ice traction control, blasting grit/abrasives, roofing granules, mining application, gypsum panel, and others (see Terminology E2201 for definitions of CCPs) (Sections 6 and 7 ). 4.2.1 Fly ash is the most abundant CCP in existing storage area(s). Its beneficial uses include, but are not limited to, partial replacement for cement in concrete and concrete products—once in concrete, fly ash reacts with Portland cement to create additional reaction products that improve the strength and durability of concrete; raw feed for the production of clinker —fly ash can be calcined along with other minerals to produce clinker; blended cements—fly ash can be an important component in the production of blended cement, especially when pozzolanic properties are desired; filler in plastics—fly ash typically increases the stiffness and compressive strength when used as a filler in plastics; CLSM—CLSM that include fly ash typically have improved flowability and strength as well as reduced bleeding and shrinkage; as a soil stabilization material; as an aggregate/soil replacement construction material in structural fill and mine reclamation projects; fillers in carpet backing—fly ash is a high-performance mineral filler; and as a solidification agent within landfills and remediation projects (Sections 6 – 9 ). 4.2.2 Bottom ash can be beneficially used as raw feed to produce clinker, as a component of structural fills, and as aggregate in the manufacturing of masonry products (Sections 6 , 7 , and 9 ). 4.2.3 Boiler slag can be used as blasting grits and roofing granules. Other applications include, but are not limited to, as a component of structural fills and mineral filler in asphalt (Sections 7 and 9 ). 4.2.4 FBC ash can be used in various mixtures as a low-strength concrete material and soil stabilization agent (Section 7 ). 4.2.5 FGD gypsum, in its majority, is typically beneficially used in gypsum panel products. Other uses include in agricultural applications to improve soil, as a component in structural fills, and as an important component in the production of cement (Sections 6 , 7 , and 9 ). 4.3 Approval Context— This guide does not supersede local, state, or country requirements, if applicable. This guide is intended to be used for storage area(s) that are both within an approval authority program and historic (or unpermitted) storage area(s). 4.3.1 For characterizing CCPs from storage area(s) for potential harvesting within an approval authority program, governing documents should be carefully reviewed and followed to establish that all requirements relative to harvesting design, operations, monitoring, closure, and post closure are followed or that agreements are established for compliance and allow for characterization activities. 4.3.2 For characterizing CCPs from historic (or unpermitted) storage area(s) for potential harvesting, the project team may engage with the appropriate local, state, province, country approval, or combination thereof, authorities to determine the appropriate requirements and should establish that the appropriate engineering controls and institutional controls are incorporated into the characterization project. 4.3.3 In addition to approvals related to the CCP storage area and harvesting activities, some jurisdictions may have a separate approval process for beneficial uses of materials. This approval process, often referred to as a beneficial use determination, may require characterization of the material and the beneficial use. Jurisdictions that require approval of beneficial use may also maintain exemptions or predeterminations for certain materials or beneficial uses. 4.4 Use of Guide— Approval authorities may incorporate this guide, in whole or part, into general guidance documents or site-specific approval documents. 4.5 Professional Judgment— This guide presumes the active involvement of an environmental professional who is knowledgeable in how to characterize CCP, design and construct storage area(s), and identify acceptable site conditions or, when appropriate, satisfy applicable statutory or approval authority limitations on the use of an operating, closed, or historic (unpermitted) storage area(s). 4.6 Inherent Uncertainty— Professional judgment, interpretation, and some uncertainties are inherent in the processes described herein even when decisions are based on objective scientific principles and accepted industry practices.