1.1 本指南提供了用于定义工作场所健康和安全监测或评估表面金属和类金属采样策略的标准。 1.2 本标准提供的指南旨在使用原子光谱法、质谱法、X射线荧光法或分子荧光法等方法对表面上的金属和类金属进行采样，以进行后续分析。包括样本分析后的数据评估指南。 1.3 挥发性有机金属物种（例如，三甲基锡）的采样不在本指南的范围内。 1.4 用于确定皮肤上金属或类金属含量的取样不在本指南的范围内。 1.5 空气中颗粒物的采样不在本指南的范围内。 指导 E1370 提供有关空气采样策略的信息。 1.6 如果法律或法规规定了表面取样，则本指南无意取代此类法律或法规中可能规定的任何要求。 1.7 以国际单位制表示的数值应视为标准值。本标准不包括其他计量单位。 1.8 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.9 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 4.1 本指南描述了可用于在任何实际表面采样之前确定表面采样策略的方法。策略选择过程需要考虑许多因素，包括但不限于采样目的、采样策略对此目的的适用性、数据质量目标和数据使用方式、执行所选策略的能力以及分析实验室（固定现场或现场）在采集样本后分析样本的能力。 4.2 出于采样目的，对于采样的材料，表面采样策略是可以选择的。工作场所采样可用于单个或多个目的。当单个采样策略预期满足多个目的时，可能会出现冲突。 4.2.1 需要考虑成本、空间、电力需求、设备、人员和分析方法的局限性，才能为每个目的达成最佳策略。 4.2.2 旨在满足多个目的的策略通常是多个备选方案之间的折衷，对于任何一个目的通常都不是最优的。 4.2.3 在选择抽样策略之前，应明确说明抽样的目的。良好做法、监管和法律要求、采样计划的成本以及结果的有用性可能因采样的不同目的而显著不同。 4.3 本指南适用于准备通过收集表面金属或类金属样品来评估工作场所环境的人员，或希望了解通过此类采样可以获得哪些信息的人员。 4.4 在制定和执行任何抽样策略时，本指南不能取代良好的专业判断。 在大多数情况下，基于标准实践或方法的策略需要根据现场遇到的情况进行调整。记录用于制定或执行抽样策略的任何专业判断至关重要。 4.5 本指南不应用作评估任何给定污染物或化学物质的独立文件。 4.6 本指南中描述的表面采样技术旨在测定表面上的金属和类金属，或测定表面覆盖物中嵌入金属残留物的负载量。这些技术可能无法准确反映通过皮肤接触或吸入可吸入粉尘的方式转移或生物利用度。

1.1 This guide provides criteria to be used in defining strategies for sampling for metals and metalloids on surfaces for workplace health and safety monitoring or evaluation. 1.2 Guidance provided by this standard is intended for sampling of metals and metalloids on surfaces for subsequent analysis using methods such as atomic spectrometry, mass spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence, or molecular fluorescence. Guidance for evaluation of data after sample analysis is included. 1.3 Sampling for volatile organometallic species (for example, trimethyl tin) is not within the scope of this guide. 1.4 Sampling to determine levels of metals or metalloids on the skin is not within the scope of this guide. 1.5 Sampling for airborne particulate matter is not within the scope of this guide. Guide E1370 provides information on air sampling strategies. 1.6 Where surface sampling is prescribed by law or regulation, this guide is not intended to take the place of any requirements that may be specified in such law or regulation. 1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 This guide describes approaches which can be used to determine surface sampling strategies before any actual surface sampling occurs. The strategy selection process needs to consider a number of factors, including, but not limited to, purpose for sampling, fitness of the sampling strategy for that purpose, data quality objectives and how the data will be used, ability to execute the selected strategy, and ability of the analytical laboratory (fixed-site or in-field) to analyze the samples once they are collected. 4.2 For the purposes of sampling, and for the materials sampled, surface sampling strategies are matters of choice. Workplace sampling may be performed for single or multiple purposes. Conflicts may arise when a single sampling strategy is expected to satisfy multiple purposes. 4.2.1 Limitations of cost, space, power requirements, equipment, personnel, and analytical methods need to be considered to arrive at an optimum strategy for each purpose. 4.2.2 A strategy intended to satisfy multiple purposes will typically be a compromise among several alternatives, and will typically not be optimal for any one purpose. 4.2.3 The purpose or purposes for sampling should be explicitly stated before a sampling strategy is selected. Good practice, regulatory and legal requirements, cost of the sampling program, and the usefulness of the results may be markedly different for different purposes of sampling. 4.3 This guide is intended for those who are preparing to evaluate a workplace environment by collecting samples of metals or metalloids on surfaces, or who wish to obtain an understanding of what information can be obtained by such sampling. 4.4 This guide cannot take the place of sound professional judgment in development and execution of any sampling strategy. In most instances, a strategy based on a standard practice or method will need to be adjusted due to conditions encountered in the field. Documentation of any professional judgments applied to development or execution of a sampling strategy is essential. 4.5 This guide should not be used as a stand-alone document to evaluate any given contaminant or chemical species. 4.6 The surface sampling techniques described in this guide are intended for the determination of metals and metalloids on surfaces, or for the determination of loadings of embedded metallic residues in surface coverings. These techniques may not accurately reflect the transferability or bioavailability of such residues by way of dermal contact or inhalation of resuspended respirable dust.