1.1 本指南涵盖了确定加热系统可接受表面操作条件的过程。定义了人体烧伤危险，提出了用于设计或评估加热系统的方法，以防止与暴露表面接触造成严重伤害。 1.2 特定表面的最高可接受温度来自于对可能或可能接触时间、表面系统配置和特定情况下可接受的损伤程度的估计。 1.3 出于设计目的，工业情况下的可能接触时间已确定为5秒。对于消费品，吴提出了更长（60秒）的接触时间 ( 1. ) 2. 其他人则反映了儿童、老年人或体弱者的反应时间较慢。 1.4 此处建议的最大伤害程度是造成皮肤一级烧伤 平均的 主题这种损伤是可逆的，不会造成永久性组织损伤。对于强制要求更严重条件的情况（由空间、经济、暴露概率或其他外部因素决定），本指南用于确定第二个不太理想的损伤水平（二度烧伤），其中允许一些永久性组织损伤。然而，任何时候都不建议出现导致三度烧伤的情况。 1.5 本指南仅涉及被动加热表面的皮肤接触温度测定。本文包含的指南不适用于在接触位置提供热源的化学、电气或其他类似危险。 1.6 本指南末尾的参考文献列表中提供了人体烧伤评估研究和表面危险测量的书目 ( 1- 16 ) . 1.7 以国际单位制表示的数值应视为标准值。 本标准不包括其他计量单位。 1.8 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.9 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 5.1 工业、商业和住宅服务中的大多数加热设备都是绝缘的，除非隔热干扰其功能；例如，对扁铁的底面进行绝缘是不合适的。 然而，在某些条件下，绝缘设备和器具的表面温度可能高到足以导致接触灼伤。 5.2 本指南旨在标准化加热系统可接受表面操作条件的确定。目前这种测定的做法多种多样。本指南旨在将现有实践结合在一起，形成一个基于对所涉及热物理的科学理解的共识标准。本指南保留了设计者、监管机构或消费者制定具体烧伤危险标准的灵活性。通常，规定的标准是接触暴露的时间长度。 5.3 为特定情况确定适当的接触时间和可接受的伤害程度，或确定什么表面温度是“安全的”，这超出了本指南的范围。 “显然，对于涉及婴儿和家用电器、有经验的成年人和工业设备的各种情况，有理由采用完全不同的标准。在第一种情况下，60秒内不超过一级烧伤可能是可取的。在第二种情况下，5秒内的二度烧伤可能是可以接受的。 注2: 1984年12月7日，美国材料与试验学会（ASTM）召开了关于隔热、材料和系统的会议，会议概述了导致本指南制定的医学研究 ( 14 ). 5.4 本指南仅用于评估 平均的 个人可能会受到影响。异常的暴露条件、身体健康变化或不标准的环境都会改变结果。 5.5 本指南仅限于接触加热表面。值得注意的是，个人暴露于高环境温度或高辐射通量的条件可能会导致人身伤害，而不会直接接触。 5.6 本指南无意涵盖低温暴露的危险，即制冷或低温应用。 5.7 本指南中的程序已在文献中描述，适用于所有受热面。对于超高温金属表面（>70°C），接触后几乎会立即发生损坏。

1.1 This guide covers a process for the determination of acceptable surface operating conditions for heated systems. The human burn hazard is defined, and methods are presented for use in the design or evaluation of heated systems to prevent serious injury from contact with the exposed surfaces. 1.2 The maximum acceptable temperature for a particular surface is derived from an estimate of the possible or probable contact time, the surface system configuration, and the level of injury deemed acceptable for a particular situation. 1.3 For design purposes, the probable contact time for industrial situations has been established at 5 s. For consumer products, a longer (60-s) contact time has been proposed by Wu ( 1 ) 2 and others to reflect the slower reaction times for children, the elderly, or the infirm. 1.4 The maximum level of injury recommended here is that causing first degree burns on the average subject. This type of injury is reversible and causes no permanent tissue damage. For cases where more severe conditions are mandated (by space, economic, exposure probability, or other outside considerations), this guide is used to establish a second, less desirable injury level (second degree burns), where some permanent tissue damage is permitted. At no time, however, are conditions that produce third degree burns recommended. 1.5 This guide addresses the skin contact temperature determination for passive heated surfaces only. The guidelines contained herein are not applicable to chemical, electrical, or other similar hazards that provide a heat generation source at the location of contact. 1.6 A bibliography of human burn evaluation studies and surface hazard measurement is provided in the list of references at the end of this guide ( 1- 16 ) . 1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 Most heated apparatus in industrial, commercial, and residential service are insulated, unless thermal insulation interferes with their function; for example, it is inappropriate to insulate the bottom surface of a flatiron. However, surface temperatures of insulated equipment and appliances are potentially high enough to cause burns from contact exposure under certain conditions. 5.2 This guide has been developed to standardize the determination of acceptable surface operating conditions for heated systems. Current practice for this determination is widely varied. The intent of this guide is to tie together the existing practices into a consensus standard based upon scientific understanding of the thermal physics involved. Flexibility is retained within this guide for the designer, regulator, or consumer to establish specific burn hazard criteria. Most generally, the regulated criterion will be the length of time of contact exposure. 5.3 It is beyond the scope of this guide to establish appropriate contact times and acceptable levels of injury for particular situations, or determine what surface temperature is “safe.” Clearly, quite different criteria are justified for cases as diverse as those involving infants and domestic appliances, and experienced adults and industrial equipment. In the first case, no more than first degree burns in 60 s might be desirable. In the second case, second degree burns in 5 s might be acceptable. Note 2: An overview of the medical research leading to the development of this guide was presented at the ASTM Conference on Thermal Insulation, Materials and Systems on Dec. 7, 1984 ( 14 ). 5.4 This guide is meant to serve only as an estimation of the exposure to which an average individual might be subjected. Unusual conditions of exposure, physical health variations, or nonstandard ambients all serve to modify the results. 5.5 This guide is limited to contact exposure to heated surfaces only. It is noted that conditions of personal exposure to periods of high ambient temperature or high radiant fluxes potentially cause human injury with no direct contact. 5.6 This guide is not intended to cover hazards for cold temperature exposure, that is, refrigeration or cryogenic applications. 5.7 The procedure found in this guide has been described in the literature as applicable to all heated surfaces. For extremely high-temperature metallic surfaces (>70°C), damage occurs almost instantaneously upon contact.