1.1 这些试验方法包括测定耐火材料形状的以下特性: 1.1.1 表观孔隙率， 1.1.2 液体吸收， 1.1.3 表观比重，以及 1.1.4 堆积密度。 1.2 这些测试方法适用于所有耐火材料形状，但与水和矿物油发生化学反应的耐火材料除外。当测试一种能够与水发生水合或其他化学反应但不与矿物酒精发生化学反应的材料时，用矿物酒精代替水，并在进行计算时对密度差异进行适当校正。 1.3 单位-- 以英寸-磅为单位的数值应视为标准。括号中给出的值是国际单位制的数学转换，仅供参考，不被视为标准。 1.3.1 例外-- 本标准中使用的仪器只能使用国际单位制。 1.4 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。 本标准的使用者有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 注1: 试验方法 C20 涵盖不受水侵蚀的耐火材料性能测试程序。 1.5 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 ===意义和用途====== 3.1 表观孔隙率、吸水率、表观比重和堆积密度是耐火材料形状的主要特性。这些特性广泛用于产品质量的评估和比较，并作为各种工业应用中耐火材料产品的选择和使用标准的一部分。 这些测试方法用于确定任何或所有这些性能，特别适用于测试可水合产品。 3.2 这些测试方法是主要的标准方法，适用于质量控制、研发、制定标准和评估规范的符合性，以及为设计目的提供数据。 3.3 这些测试方法固有的基本假设是: 3.3.1 试样符合尺寸、配置和原始表面的要求， 3.3.2 在真空压力处理期间，试样的开孔被液体完全浸渍，并且 3.3.3 按照规定，以一致和均匀的方式对饱和试样进行印迹，以避免从孔隙中抽出液体。 3.3.4 偏离任何这些假设都会对测试结果产生不利影响。 3.4 在涉及可浇铸样品的实验室研究中，注意到成型2 在里面 由2 英寸乘2英寸（50 毫米乘50 毫米乘50 mm）和从较大的9 英寸乘以4.5 2.5英寸乘2.5英寸（228 mm乘以114 ×64mm）铸造试样。此外，当试样加热至1500时，在浇注料上发现表观孔隙率测定存在误差 °F（816 °C），然后暴露于作为饱和介质的水中。该误差归因于水泥与水的反应性以及随后水泥相的再水化。浇注料的水泥液位越高，所记录的误差就越大。得出的结论是，对于有可能与水形成水合物质的耐火材料，孔隙率值可能会出现误差。在煤油中在相同条件下进行测试，得到的结果被认为更准确，但数据表明，煤油可能不像水那样容易饱和铸件试样的开孔。 3. 3.5 在解释和使用这些测试方法的结果时，必须采取某些预防措施。 所有四个属性值都通过测试期间生成的三个基本数据值中的至少两个相互关联。因此，任何基础数据值中的错误都将导致给定试样的至少三个特性值中的误差。某些性质，即表观比重和堆积密度，是其他因素的函数，如产品组成、同一产品内的成分变异性、不透水孔隙度和总孔隙度。应在通过这些测试方法测试的同类产品之间，或在充分认识到被比较产品或使用的测试方法之间潜在的内在差异的情况下，明智地对性能值进行概括或比较。 3.6 当使用水以外的液体时，如煤油或矿物油，必须在受控的基础上通过测定或监测来了解比重。比重会因不同等级的液体、蒸发或被污垢或异物污染而变化。 如果液体变脏、起泡或变色，则不应进行测试，因为外来颗粒会堵塞孔隙并阻止样品浸渍。

1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the following properties of refractory shapes: 1.1.1 Apparent porosity, 1.1.2 Liquid absorption, 1.1.3 Apparent specific gravity, and 1.1.4 Bulk density. 1.2 These test methods are applicable to all refractory shapes except those that chemically react with both water and mineral spirits. When testing a material capable of hydration or other chemical reaction with water but which does not chemically react with mineral spirits, mineral spirits is substituted for water and appropriate corrections for the density differences are applied when making calculations. 1.3 Units— The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.3.1 Exception— The apparatus used in this standard is only available in SI units. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 1: Test Methods C20 cover procedures for testing properties of refractories that are not attacked by water. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 3.1 Apparent porosity, water absorption, apparent specific gravity, and bulk density are primary properties of refractory shapes. These properties are widely used in the evaluation and comparison of product quality and as part of the criteria for selection and use of refractory products in a variety of industrial applications. These test methods are used for determining any or all of these properties and are particularly useful for testing hydratable products. 3.2 These test methods are primary standard methods that are suitable for use in quality control, research and development, establishing criteria for and evaluating compliance with specifications, and providing data for design purposes. 3.3 Fundamental assumptions inherent in these test methods are: 3.3.1 The test specimens conform to the requirements for size, configuration, and original faces, 3.3.2 The open pores of the test specimens are fully impregnated with liquid during the vacuum-pressure treatment, and 3.3.3 The blotting of the saturated test specimens is performed as specified in a consistent and uniform manner to avoid withdrawing liquid from the pores. 3.3.4 Deviation from any of these assumptions adversely affects the test results. 3.4 In laboratory studies involving castable specimen, a bias was noted between formed 2 in. by 2 in. by 2 in. (50 mm by 50 mm by 50 mm) and specimens quartered from larger 9 in. by 4.5 in. by 2.5 in. (228 mm by 114 mm by 64 mm) cast specimens. Additionally, an error in the apparent porosity determination was found on castables whenever the specimens were heated to 1500 °F (816 °C) and then exposed to water as a saturation media. The error was attributed to reactivity of cement with water and subsequent re-hydration of cement phases. The higher the cement level of the castable, the greater the error noted. It was concluded that an error in porosity values could occur for refractory materials having a potential to form hydrated species with water. Testing under the same conditions in kerosene produced results that were believed to be more accurate, but the data suggested that the kerosene might not have saturated the open pores of cast specimen as readily as water. 3 3.5 Certain precautions must be exercised in interpreting and using results from these test methods. All four property values are interrelated by at least two of the three base data values generated during testing. Thus, an error in any base data value will cause an error in at least three of the property values for a given test specimen. Certain of the properties, that is, apparent specific gravity and bulk density, are functions of other factors such as product composition, compositional variability within the same product, impervious porosity, and total porosity. Generalizations on or comparisons of property values should be judiciously made between like products tested by these test methods or with full recognition of potentially inherent differences between the products being compared or the test method used. 3.6 When a liquid other than water is used, such as types of kerosene or mineral spirits, specific gravity must be known by either determination or monitoring on a controlled basis. Specific gravity will change due to different grades of liquids, evaporation, or contamination with dirt or foreign material. The test should not be run if the liquid becomes dirty, foamy, or changes color, because foreign particles can block pores and prevent impregnation of the sample.