1.1 本指南仅供教程使用。它描述了金属无损鉴定和分类的一般要求、方法和程序。 1.2 它为选择和使用适合特定金属分类或识别问题要求的方法提供了指南。 1.3 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前建立适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 有关具体的预防说明，请参阅第节 10 . 1.4 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《国际标准、指南和建议制定原则决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 =====意义和用途====== 4.1 金属生产商、仓库和用户的主要关注点是建立和维护金属从熔化到最终应用的身份。这涉及在制造和加工的各个阶段、仓库和材料接收以及产品制造和最终安装期间使用标准质量保证实践和程序。这些实践通常涉及标准的化学分析和物理测试，以满足产品验收标准，这是缓慢的。通过机械和化学测试，生产过程中的几个零件通常会被破坏或无法使用，结果用于使用统计方法评估整个批次。 统计质量保证方法通常是有效的；然而，混合品位、非化学性质和非标准物理性质仍然是金属行业索赔的主要原因。需要对产品特性进行更全面的验证。无损检测手段可用于补充常规金属等级验证技术，并在选定的生产阶段监测化学和物理性质，以帮助保持金属的特性及其机械性质的一致性。 4.2 无损检测方法有可能在连续或统计的基础上监测生产过程中的等级，监测硬度和表层深度等特性，并验证热处理、冷处理的有效性- 工作等。在现场，它们经常用于解决涉及非级配和混合级配材料的问题。 4.3 本指南中所述的无损检测方法对所评估的样品提供了直接和间接的响应。光谱分析仪器对合金成分的存在和百分比做出反应。另一方面，电磁（涡流）和热电方法是响应样品中受化学和加工影响的性质的方法之一，它们产生关于成分和机械性质的间接信息。在本指南中，光谱测定方法被分类为定量方法，而产生间接读数的方法被称为定性方法。 4.4 本指南介绍了各种定性和定量方法。它总结了每种方法的操作原理，就每种方法在何处和如何应用提供了指导，给出了（适用时）可能预期的精度和偏差，并帮助研究者选择特定等级验证或排序问题的最佳人选。 4.5 在本指南中，术语“无损”包括在检查过程中可能需要去除少量金属而不影响产品可用性的技术。 4.6 本指南中涵盖的无损检测方法提供了有关金属性能的定量和定性信息；如下所示: 4.6.1 定量: 4.6.1.1 X射线荧光光谱法，以及 4.6.1.2 光发射光谱法。 4.6.2 定性的: 4.6.2.1 电磁（涡流）， 4.6.2.2 电导率/电阻率， 4.6.2.3 热电， 4.6.2.4 化学点试验， 4.6.2.5 摩擦电，和 4.6.2.6 火花测试（特殊情况）。

1.1 This guide is intended for tutorial purposes only. It describes the general requirements, methods, and procedures for the nondestructive identification and sorting of metals. 1.2 It provides guidelines for the selection and use of methods suited to the requirements of particular metals sorting or identification problems. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 10 . 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 A major concern of metals producers, warehouses, and users is to establish and maintain the identity of metals from melting to their final application. This involves the use of standard quality assurance practices and procedures throughout the various stages of manufacturing and processing, at warehouses and materials receiving, and during fabrication and final installation of the product. These practices typically involve standard chemical analyses and physical tests to meet product acceptance standards, which are slow. Several pieces from a production run are usually destroyed or rendered unusable through mechanical and chemical testing, and the results are used to assess the entire lot using statistical methods. Statistical quality assurance methods are usually effective; however, mixed grades, off-chemistry, and nonstandard physical properties remain the primary causes for claims in the metals industry. A more comprehensive verification of product properties is necessary. Nondestructive means are available to supplement conventional metals grade verification techniques, and to monitor chemical and physical properties at selected production stages, in order to assist in maintaining the identities of metals and their consistency in mechanical properties. 4.2 Nondestructive methods have the potential for monitoring grade during production on a continuous or statistical basis, for monitoring properties such as hardness and case depth, and for verifying the effectiveness of heat treatment, cold-working, and the like. They are quite often used in the field for solving problems involving off-grade and mixed-grade materials. 4.3 The nondestructive methods covered in this guide provide both direct and indirect responses to the sample being evaluated. Spectrometric analysis instruments respond to the presence and percents of alloying constituents. The electromagnetic (eddy current) and thermoelectric methods, on the other hand, are among those that respond to properties in the sample that are affected by chemistry and processing, and they yield indirect information on composition and mechanical properties. In this guide, the spectrometric methods are classified as quantitative, whereas the methods that yield indirect readings are termed qualitative. 4.4 This guide describes a variety of qualitative and quantitative methods. It summarizes the operating principles of each method, provides guidance on where and how each may be applied, gives (when applicable) the precision and bias that may be expected, and assists the investigator in selecting the best candidates for specific grade verification or sorting problems. 4.5 For the purposes of this guide, the term “nondestructive” includes techniques that may require the removal of small amounts of metal during the examination, without affecting the serviceability of the product. 4.6 The nondestructive methods covered in this guide provide quantitative and qualitative information on metals properties; they are listed as follows: 4.6.1 Quantitative: 4.6.1.1 X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and 4.6.1.2 Optical emission spectrometry. 4.6.2 Qualitative: 4.6.2.1 Electromagnetic (eddy current), 4.6.2.2 Conductivity/resistivity, 4.6.2.3 Thermoelectric, 4.6.2.4 Chemical spot tests, 4.6.2.5 Triboelectric, and 4.6.2.6 Spark testing (special case).