1.1 本指南涵盖了确定何时应使用概率抽样方法来选择建筑物中环境监测设备的放置位置，或选择建筑物居住者样本进行室内空气质量研究的问卷管理的标准。介绍了适用于这些类型研究的一些基本概率抽样方法。 1.2 概率抽样是指选择具有已知概率（包括人口普查概率等于1的概率）的单位进行观察的统计抽样方法，以便从样本到具有正概率被选入样本的整个单位群体都支持统计上可辩护的推断。 1.3 本指南描述了对建筑物室内空气质量进行科学研究时需要使用概率采样方法的情况。对于建议采用概率抽样方法的情况，提供了关于如何实施概率抽样方法（包括可能出现的障碍）的指导。为选定的情况提供了它们的应用示例。由于一些室内空气质量调查可能需要应用复杂的、多阶段的调查采样程序，并且由于本标准是一种指南而非实践 附录X1 建议用于指导适当的概率抽样方法，而不是在本指南中对此类方法进行说明。 1.4 本标准不涉及非概率抽样方法。可能需要非概率采样方法，如最坏情况采样、测距采样和筛选采样，作为帮助指导和告知概率采样方法的输入。 1.5 单位-- 以国际单位制表示的数值应视为标准。本标准中不包括其他计量单位。 1.6 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 ===意义和用途====== 5.1 对室内空气问题的研究在本质上往往是迭代的。对建筑物进行全面的工程评估 ( 1- 4. ) 3. 有时足以确定室内空气问题的可能原因。当这些调查和随后的补救措施不足以解决问题时，可能需要进行更深入的调查。 5.2 本指南为确定何时需要概率采样方法来实现关于室内空气质量研究目标的统计上可辩护的推断提供了基础。室内空气质量研究中对概率采样方法的需求取决于研究的具体目标。可能需要这样的方法来选择一个样本进行提问、医学检查或个人暴露监测。 还可能需要它们来选择空间和时间上的位置样本，以监测环境污染物。 5.3 本指南确定了在建筑物室内空气质量研究中正确实施概率采样方法的几个潜在障碍，并介绍了克服这些障碍或至少将其影响降至最低的程序。 5.4 尽管本指南专门针对建筑物内不同时间的人员或地点进行采样，但它也为研究建筑物种群提供了重要指导。本文件中的指南完全适用于确定环境质量的采样地点，或从较大建筑群中选择的样本中对人员进行采样以确定每个建筑内的环境影响。

1.1 This guide covers criteria for determining when probability sampling methods should be used to select locations for placement of environmental monitoring equipment in a building or to select a sample of building occupants for questionnaire administration for a study of indoor air quality. Some of the basic probability sampling methods that are applicable for these types of studies are introduced. 1.2 Probability sampling refers to statistical sampling methods that select units for observation with known probabilities (including probabilities equal to one for a census) so that statistically defensible inferences are supported from the sample to the entire population of units that had a positive probability of being selected into the sample. 1.3 This guide describes those situations in which probability sampling methods are needed for a scientific study of the indoor air quality in a building. For those situations for which probability sampling methods are recommended, guidance is provided on how to implement probability sampling methods, including obstacles that may arise. Examples of their application are provided for selected situations. Because some indoor air quality investigations may require application of complex, multistage, survey sampling procedures and because this standard is a guide rather than a practice, the references in Appendix X1 are recommended for guidance on appropriate probability sampling methods, rather than including expositions of such methods in this guide. 1.4 This standard does not address non-probability sampling approaches. Non-probability sampling approaches may be needed, such as worst-case sampling, range finding sampling, and screening sampling as inputs to help guide and inform probability sampling methods. 1.5 Units— The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 Studies of indoor air problems are often iterative in nature. A thorough engineering evaluation of a building ( 1- 4 ) 3 is sometimes sufficient to identify likely causes of indoor air problems. When these investigations and subsequent remedial measures are not sufficient to solve a problem, more intensive investigations may be necessary. 5.2 This guide provides the basis for determining when probability sampling methods are needed to achieve statistically defensible inferences regarding the goals of a study of indoor air quality. The need for probability sampling methods in a study of indoor air quality depends on the specific objectives of the study. Such methods may be needed to select a sample of people to be asked questions, examined medically, or monitored for personal exposures. They may also be needed to select a sample of locations in space and time to be monitored for environmental contaminants. 5.3 This guide identifies several potential obstacles to proper implementation of probability sampling methods in studies of indoor air quality in buildings and presents procedures that overcome those obstacles or at least minimize their impact. 5.4 Although this guide specifically addresses sampling people or locations across time within a building, it also provides important guidance for studying populations of buildings. The guidance in this document is fully applicable to sampling locations to determine environmental quality or sampling people to determine environmental effects within each building in the sample selected from a larger population of buildings.