1.1 本指南参考了ASTM为工程、设计和施工目的进行现场表征的方法。场地特征描述的目标应是在水平和垂直方向上识别和定位给定场地区域内存在的重要土壤和岩石类型以及地下水条件，并通过采样或现场测试或两者来确定地下材料的特征。 1.2 土壤、岩石和地下水样品的实验室测试由本文未列出的其他ASTM标准规定。出于环境目的的地下勘探也不在本指南的范围内。 1.3 在开始现场表征之前，应检查现场是否存在潜在危险或其他受污染的材料或文化/考古条件。 如果在现场表征过程中遇到未知潜在危险或其他污染材料或条件的证据，则应中断工作，直到情况得到评估并发布修订指示。 1.3.1 此外，应确定地下和高架公用设施的位置和性质，以确保不会对拟建场地特征造成影响。影响可能包括但不限于干扰地球物理方法、破坏公用设施、创造不安全的工作条件以及限制勘探设备的可接近性。 1.4 以国际单位制或英寸-磅单位表示的数值应视为标准。每个系统中规定的值可能不是精确的等效值； 因此，每个系统应相互独立使用。将两个系统的值合并可能会导致不符合标准。为了方便起见，括号中提供了英寸-磅单位。 1.5 本指南提供了有组织的信息收集或一系列选项，并不推荐具体的行动方案。本文件不能取代教育或经验，应与专业判断一起使用。并非本指南的所有方面都适用于所有情况。本ASTM标准不代表或取代必须根据其判断给定专业服务的充分性的谨慎标准，也不应在不考虑项目的许多独特方面的情况下应用本文件。本文件标题中的“标准”一词仅表示该文件已通过ASTM共识程序获得批准。 1.6 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.7 所有观察值和计算值应符合实践中确定的有效数字和舍入准则 D6026 . 1.8 本标准中用于规定如何收集/记录或计算数据的程序被视为行业标准。此外，它们代表了通常应保留的有效数字。使用的程序不考虑材料变化、获取数据的目的、特殊目的研究或用户目标的任何考虑因素； 通常的做法是增加或减少报告数据的有效位数，以与这些考虑因素相称。考虑工程设计分析方法中使用的有效数字超出了本标准的范围。 1.9 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 4.1 充分的现场特征描述将为以下一个或多个主题的决策提供相关信息: 4.1.1 拟建施工区域内结构的垂直和水平位置，以及施工方法和设备的选择。 4.1.2 适当取土和其他当地施工骨料来源的位置和初步评估。 4.1.3 需要特殊的挖掘和排水技术，并需要有关土壤含水量或孔隙压力分布或两者的信息（即使只是近似信息），以及各种地下地层的测压头和表观渗透性（导水率）。 4.1.4 评估自然边坡、路堑和路堤中的边坡稳定性。 4.1.5 路堤类型和液压屏障要求的概念选择。 4.1.6 备选基础类型的概念选择和相应适当持力层的高程。 4.1.7 为特定结构或设施制定额外的详细现场特征。 4.2 现场表征可能需要收集足够大的土壤和岩石样品，其质量应足以进行足够的测试，以确定土壤或岩石分类或矿物学类型，或两者，以及与拟议设计相关的工程性质。 4.3 本指南并非对要求的死板描述；在某些情况下，由其他ASTM标准或非ASTM技术定义的方法可能是合适的。目的是提供一份清单，以协助编制现场特征规划。

1.1 This guide refers to ASTM methods to perform site characterization for engineering, design, and construction purposes. The objective of the site characterization should be to identify and locate, both horizontally and vertically, significant soil and rock types and groundwater conditions present within a given site area and to establish the characteristics of the subsurface materials by sampling or in situ testing, or both. 1.2 Laboratory testing of soil, rock, and groundwater samples is specified by other ASTM standards not listed herein. Subsurface exploration for environmental purposes is also outside the scope of this guide. 1.3 Prior to commencement of the site characterization the site should be checked for potentially hazardous or otherwise contaminated materials or cultural/archeological conditions. If evidence of unknown potentially hazardous or otherwise contaminated materials or conditions are encountered in the course of the site characterization, work shall be interrupted until the circumstances have been evaluated and revised instructions issued. 1.3.1 In addition the location and nature of underground and overhead utilities should be identified to ensure that there is no impact to the proposed site characterization. Impacts may include but are not limited to interference with geophysical methods, damaging utilities, creating an unsafe work condition, and limiting accessibility for exploratory equipment. 1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Inch-pound units are provided in brackets for convenience. 1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word“ Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026 . 1.8 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user's objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design. 1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 An adequate site characterization will provide pertinent information for decision making on one or more of the following subjects: 4.1.1 Location of the structure, both vertically and horizontally, within the area of the proposed construction and selection of construction methods and equipment. 4.1.2 Location and preliminary evaluation of suitable borrow and other local sources of construction aggregates. 4.1.3 Need for special excavating and dewatering techniques with the corresponding need for information, even if only approximate, on the distribution of soil water content or pore pressure, or both, and on the piezometric heads and apparent permeability (hydraulic conductivity) of the various subsurface strata. 4.1.4 Evaluation of slope stability in natural slopes, cuts, and embankments. 4.1.5 Conceptual selection of embankment types and hydraulic barrier requirements. 4.1.6 Conceptual selection of alternate foundation types and elevations of the corresponding suitable bearing strata. 4.1.7 Development of additional detailed site characterizations for specific structures or facilities. 4.2 The site characterization may require the collection of sufficiently large soil and rock samples of such quality as to allow adequate testing to determine the soil or rock classification or mineralogic type, or both, and the engineering properties pertinent to the proposed design. 4.3 This guide is not meant to be an inflexible description of requirements; methods defined by other ASTM standards or non-ASTM techniques may be appropriate in some circumstances. The intent is to provide a list to assist in preparation of a site characterization plan.