在波兰克拉科夫，燃煤锅炉被用来为单栋公寓楼和局部供暖区供暖。人口包括2930台小型手动锅炉和227台大型移动式炉排锅炉。这些锅炉是克拉科夫空气质量问题的重要原因，最近对其效率和排放特性进行了评估。对于更大的、燃用斯托克炉的锅炉，使用烟囱损失法测量效率。除了正常的基准燃料外，还评估了煤炭清洁和分级的效果。 测试在两个选定的地点进行。锅炉效率较低——50%至67%。这些锅炉在没有燃烧控制装置或烟气分析仪器的情况下运行。因此，过量空气水平非常高——高达40%——导致性能不佳。研究发现，这类锅炉的排放物是典型的。使用改进后的燃料，结合适当的调整，可以减少排放，提高效率。就手动燃烧锅炉而言，对一套铸铁锅炉和一套钢锅炉进行了试验。 在这种情况下，使用输入-输出法测量三台锅炉作为一个系统的效率。当使用焦炭或无烟煤块等低挥发性燃料时，这些锅炉的排放量最低。关键词:1995年，供暖，锅炉，波兰，效率，空气污染，公寓，区域供暖，室外，测量，烟气，热损失，测试，性能，燃煤锅炉，颗粒物，一氧化碳，有机化合物，氮氧化物，二氧化硫，比较引用:研讨会，ASHRAE Trans。 1995年，第101卷，第1部分，文件号CH-95-1-1525-527

In Krakow, Poland, coal-fired boilers are used to heat single apartment buildings and local heating districts. The population includes 2,930 small, hand-fired boilers and 227 larger travelling grate stoker-fired boilers. These boilers are important contributors to air quality problems in Krakow, and on assessment of their efficiency and emissions characteristics was recently undertaken. For the larger, stoker-fired boilers, efficiency was measured using a stack-loss method. In addition to the normal baseline fuel, the effects of coal cleaning and grading were evaluated. Testing was done at two selected sites. Boiler efficiencies were found to be low - 50% to 67%. These boilers operate without combustion controls or instrumentation for flue gas analysis. As a result, excess air levels are very high - up to 40% - leading to poor performance. Emissions were found to be typical for boilers of this type. Using the improved fuels yields reductions in emissions and improvement in efficiency when combined with proper adjustments. In the case of the hand-fired boilers, one set of cast-iron boilers and one set of steel boilers were tested. Efficiency in this case was measured using an input-output method for sets of three boilers taken together as a system. Emissions from these boilers are lowest when low volatile fuels, such as coke or smokeless briquettes, are used.KEYWORDS: year 1995, heating, boilers, Poland, efficiency, air pollution, flats, district heating, outdoor, measuring, flue gases, heat loss, testing, performance, coal fired boilers, particles, carbon monoxide, organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, comparing