1.1 本指南描述了各种现场表征方法，以及与所讨论的每种方法相关的优缺点。本指南旨在帮助选择岩土和环境土壤和岩石钻孔的钻探方法，以进行取样、测试和安装井或其他仪器。它不涉及基础改善钻井、饮用水井或公用事业的特殊水平钻井技术。 1.2 本指南无法解决所有可能发生的地下条件，例如地质、地形、气候或人为因素。指南中介绍了工程、设计和施工目的的现场评估 D420 . 指南中介绍了钻孔中的土壤和岩石采样 D6169/D6169M . 第节列出了针对特定钻井方法、设备和程序的相关指南和实践 2. . 指导 D5730 提供有关环境现场特征的大部分所有方面的信息。 1.3 以国际单位制或英寸-磅单位（括号中给出）表示的值应单独视为标准值。每个系统中规定的值可能不是精确的等效值；因此，每个系统应相互独立使用。将两个系统的值合并可能会导致不符合标准。 1.4 本指南并非旨在全面论述与岩土工程和环境目的钻井相关的所有方法和问题。 用户应寻求合格的专业人员，以决定最适合其现场调查的适当设备和方法。这些方法可以使用其他方法，合格的专业人员应能够灵活地对本指南中未涵盖的可能替代方法进行判断。该指南在发布时是最新的，但在修订之前可能会有新的替代方法。因此，用户应在指定程序要求之前咨询制造商或生产商。 1.5 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.5.1 钻井操作员通常需要接受安全要求培训，如国家、地区或地方要求（如美国）规定的施工和环境职业安全计划。OSHA培训计划。国家钻井协会（NDA4U.com）或其他国家钻井协会也提供了钻井安全计划。 2. 1.6 本指南提供了有组织的信息收集或一系列选项，并不推荐具体的行动方案。本文件不能取代教育和经验，应与专业判断一起使用。并非本指南的所有方面都适用于所有情况。 本ASTM标准不代表或取代必须根据其判断给定专业服务的充分性的谨慎标准，也不应在不考虑项目的许多独特方面的情况下应用本文件。本文件标题中的“标准”一词仅表示该文件已通过ASTM共识程序获得批准。 1.7 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 4.1 本标准1998年版仅用于选择环境应用的钻井方法，特别是地下水监测井的安装。第二次修订包括岩土工程应用，因为本文件中广泛讨论的许多优点、缺点和限制也适用于岩土工程设计使用，例如用于施工设计和仪器的数据收集（采样和现场测试）。除安装监测井外( D5092/D5092M , D6724/D6724M )此外，还对采样、现场测试和含水层测试钻孔的安装进行了环境调查( D4044/D4044M , D4050 ). 4.2 还有其他岩土工程勘察指南，涉及钻井方法，如欧洲规范 ( 1. , 2. ) 5. ，美国联邦公路管理局， ( 3. , 4. ) ，美国陆军工程兵团， ( 5. ) ，以及美国填海局 ( 6. , 7. ) . 尼尔森编制了一本关于环境现场特征和地下水监测的权威手册 ( 8. ) 其中详细介绍了钻探方法，包括为环境调查开发的直接推动法的出现。美国钻井协会还编写了另外两份主要的钻井指南 ( 9 ) 来自澳大利亚钻井行业培训委员会 ( 10 ) 这些指南供司钻使用。 4.3 表1 列出了本指南中介绍的16类方法。选择钻孔/推进钻孔的特定方法需要考虑每个场地的具体特征。本指南旨在让用户了解可用的各种钻孔/推进钻孔方法，以及每种方法在确定岩土和环境勘探方面的应用、优缺点。 （A） 实际可达到的钻孔深度将取决于现场现有的环境水文地质条件和所用的钻孔/推进钻孔设备的尺寸。例如，在有利的现场条件下，大型高扭矩钻机可以比小型钻机钻得更深。 使用空气/空气泡沫钻取的钻孔可以更有效地达到更大的深度，使用两级容积式压缩机，能够产生12至17 kPa[250至350 psi]和14至21 m的工作压力 3. /h[500至750 cfm]，尤其是在浸没需要更高压力时。较小的旋转式压缩机只能产生6 kPa[125 psi]的最大工作压力，并产生14至34 m 3. /h[500至1200 cfm]。同样，钻机桅杆的构造必须能够安全地承载预期的工作负载。考虑到意外情况，建议桅杆的额定容量至少为预期重量负载或正常牵引负载的两倍。 （B） 土壤=S（岩屑），岩石=R（岩屑），流体=F（某些样品可能需要辅助取样装置才能获得）。 （C） I=增量采样，C=连续采样。 4.3.1 在…上 表1 实际上，所有方法都允许取芯，但有些方法比其他方法更有效。一些钻井系统，如空心杆螺旋钻或钢丝绳取芯，允许在最短的时间内进行连续取芯，以切换管，而其他钻井方法则需要将整个钻井设备从孔中移除。一个主要的例子是使用流体旋转和传统岩心筒与电缆岩石取芯的岩石取芯速度。钢丝绳取芯速度快，连续运行时间长，而流体旋转需要更多的“起下钻时间”，以使用钻杆添加和移除长度较短的岩心筒。 表1 描述可以进行取芯的方法，通常通过连续（c）或增量（i）采样。 4.3.2 土壤、松散地层或地下水中环境污染物的采样通常需要特别考虑。在许多环境应用中，通常不鼓励甚至禁止使用钻井液（空气、水、泥浆或泡沫），因为这些钻井液可能会稀释感兴趣的分析物，甚至引入以前不存在的问题分析物（见 5.4 ). 4.4 本指南通常与指南一起使用 D6169/D6169M 土壤和岩石采样，因为采样是钻孔/推进钻孔期间的主要活动。有几个指南涉及个别钻孔方法（参见指南 D5781/D5781M , D5782 , D5783 , D5784 , D5872 , D5875/D5875M 和 D5876/D5876M )以及如何完成水质监测井安装（见实践 D5092/D5092M ). 空心螺旋钻的实践( D6151/D6151M )和声波钻井( D6914/D6914M )为岩土工程和环境目的编写，并说明采样方法。实践 D2113 岩芯钻探包括取样方法。 4.4.1 本指南涵盖了仅用于制造测试和采样用开口的直接推动方法。这通常通过使用双管系统和使用管子进入地下进行水采样来实现， D6001 ，土壤采样( D6282/D6282M )、油井安装( D6724/D6724M , D6725/D6725M )和含水层测试( D7242/D7242M ). 4.5 用于岩土工程和环境应用的主要或典型钻孔/推进钻孔方法: 4.5.1 土壤岩土工程勘察（松散沉积物）- 岩土勘探中最常用的钻井方法是在有地下水的情况下进行旋转钻井。空心螺旋钻钻井也经常使用，尤其是在干旱地区，在那里要避免在非饱和土壤中引入流体。 4.5.2 土壤环境调查（松散沉积物）- 这些调查大多集中在土壤污染或地下水质量调查上，因此不需要引入钻井液，而产生最小废物的方法则备受青睐。 开发直接推送方法是因为它们产生的调查衍生废物（IDW）最少。声波法经常使用，产生的IDW最小，但核心较大。虽然使用了空心杆螺旋钻和流体旋转钻，但它们会产生大量IDW。 4.5.2.1 在大多数环境现场，地下存在有害污染物。因此，应妥善处理、控制和储存返回地面的任何钻屑或钻井液（桶或滚卸桶等），以进行采样和实验室分析。在正确处理之前，可能需要进行实验室分析，以验证危险污染物不高于监管行动水平。如果岩屑或废钻井液中的危险化学品浓度超过监管行动水平，则废物可能需要在处置前进行处理，或者可能需要在危险废物填埋场中进行适当处置。 在钻孔/推进钻孔前审查相关规定，以保持合规性。受到污染的废钻屑和钻井液的产生大大增加了工人接触有害污染物的可能性。审查相关法规（如OSHA 1910.120等），以保持符合工人安全和监测要求。 4.5.3 岩石、风化岩石和粗卵石- 电缆岩石取芯用于合格岩石，可获得最佳岩芯回收率。对于粗粒松散沉积物和风化基岩样品，很难回收，通常使用旋转空气钻穿过驱动套管推进器，需要更大的钻头。 较大的声波钻机也可以钻取和回收岩石和巨砾地层。 4.5.4 声波钻探方法已越来越多地用于岩土工程和环境勘探。该方法提供了非常快速的连续取芯，能够使用大直径设备钻取困难地层。 4.5.5 浅手动螺旋钻( D4700 )用于这两个专业，但在大多数情况下，手动应用是在钻孔/推压钻孔之前作为初始现场调查的一部分，或仅用于表征浅层土壤采样。手动占卜是一项劳动密集型工作，几乎已被放弃，转而使用直接推动设备。 注1: 本实践产生的数据和解释的可靠性取决于执行该实践的人员的能力以及所用设备和设施的适用性。 符合实践标准的机构 D3740 通常认为能够进行合格测试。本规程的使用者应注意遵守规程 D3740 不能保证可靠的测试。可靠的测试取决于几个因素和实践 D3740 提供了一种评估其中一些因素的方法。 实践 D3740 是为从事土壤和岩石测试、检验或两者兼有的机构开发的。因此，它并不完全适用于执行这些现场实践的机构。该测试方法的用户应认识到实践框架 D3740 适用于评估执行钻井的机构的质量。目前，没有已知的合格国家机构对执行该试验方法的机构进行检查。 对于关键装置，如水井钻井（NGWA，NDA），通常需要对司钻进行培训和认证。

1.1 This guide provides descriptions of various methods for site characterization along with advantages and disadvantages associated with each method discussed. This guide is intended to aid in the selection of drilling method(s) for geotechnical and environmental soil and rock borings for sampling, testing, and installation of wells, or other instrumentation. It does not address drilling for foundation improvement, drinking water wells, or special horizontal drilling techniques for utilities. 1.2 This guide cannot address all possible subsurface conditions that may occur such as, geologic, topographic, climatic, or anthropogenic. Site evaluation for engineering, design, and construction purposes is addressed in Guide D420 . Soil and rock sampling in drill holes is addressed in Guide D6169/D6169M . Pertinent guides and practices addressing specific drilling methods, equipment, and procedures are listed in Section 2 . Guide D5730 provides information on most all aspects of environmental site characterization. 1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units (given in brackets) are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. 1.4 This guide does not purport to comprehensively address all methods and the issues associated with drilling for geotechnical and environmental purposes. Users should seek qualified professionals for decisions as to the proper equipment and methods that would be most successful for their site investigation. Other methods may be available for these methods and qualified professionals should have flexibility to exercise judgment as to possible alternatives not covered in this guide. The guide is current at the time of issue, but new alternative methods may become available prior to revisions. Therefore, users should consult with manufacturers or producers prior to specifying program requirements. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5.1 Drilling operators generally are required to be trained for safety requirements such as those of construction and environmental occupational safety programs dictated by country, regional, or local requirements such as the US. OSHA training programs. Drilling safety programs are also available from the National Drilling Association (NDA4U.com) or other country drilling associations. 2 1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education and experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 The 1998 edition of this standard was written solely for selection of drilling methods for environmental applications and specifically for installation of groundwater monitoring wells. The second revision was made to include geotechnical applications since many of the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations discussed extensively throughout this document also apply to geotechnical design use such as data collection (sampling and in-situ testing) for construction design and instrumentation. Besides installation of monitoring wells ( D5092/D5092M , D6724/D6724M ), Environmental investigations are also made for sampling, in-situ testing, and installation of aquifer testing boreholes ( D4044/D4044M , D4050 ). 4.2 There are other guides for geotechnical investigations addressing drilling methods such as in Eurocode ( 1 , 2 ) 5 , U.S. Federal Highway Administration, ( 3 , 4 ) , U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, ( 5 ) , and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation ( 6 , 7 ) . An authoritative Handbook on Environmental Site Characterization and Ground-Water Monitoring was compiled by Nielsen ( 8 ) which addresses drilling methods in detail including the advent of Direct Push methods developed for environmental investigations. Two other major drilling guides have been written by the National Drilling Association ( 9 ) and from the Australia Drilling Industry Training Committee ( 10 ) and these guides are user for the drillers. 4.3 Table 1 lists sixteen classes of methods addressed in this guide. The selection of particular method(s) for drilling/push boring requires that specific characteristics of each site be considered. This guide is intended to make the user aware of some of the various drilling/push boring methods available and the applications, advantages, and disadvantages of each with respect to determining geotechnical and environmental exploration. (A) Actual achievable drilled depths will vary depending on the ambient geohydrologic conditions existing at the site and size of drilling/push boring equipment used. For example, large, high-torque rigs can drill to greater depths than their smaller counterparts under favorable site conditions. Boreholes drilled using air/air foam can reach greater depths more efficiently using two-stage positive-displacement compressors having the capability of developing working pressures of 12 to 17 kPa [250 to 350 psi] and 14 to 21 m 3 /h [500 to 750 cfm], particularly when submergence requires higher pressures. The smaller rotary-type compressors only are capable of producing a maximum working pressure of 6 kPa [125 psi] and produce 14 to 34 m 3 /h [500 to 1200 cfm]. Likewise, the rig mast must be constructed to safely carry the anticipated working loads expected. To allow for contingencies, it is recommended that the rated capacity of the mast be at least twice the anticipated weight load or normal pulling load. (B) Soil = S (Cuttings), Rock = R (Cuttings), Fluid = F (some samples might require accessory sampling devices to obtain). (C) I = Incremental sampling, C = continuous sampling. 4.3.1 On Table 1 , practically all methods allow for coring, but some are much more efficient than others. Some drilling systems such as hollow-stem augers or wireline coring allow for practically continuous coring with minimal time for switching barrels while other drilling methods require the whole drilling equipment be removed from the hole. A prime example is the rate of rock coring using fluid rotary and conventional core barrels versus wireline rock coring. Wireline line rock coring is fast with long continuous runs whereas fluid rotary requires more “trip time” to add and remove shorter length core barrels using drill rods. Table 1 delineates methods where coring is possible, and in general, by either continuous (c) or incremental (i) sampling. 4.3.2 Sampling for environmental contaminants in soil, unconsolidated formations or groundwater often requires special considerations. In many environmental applications the use of drilling fluids (air, water, mud or foam) is often discouraged or even prohibited as these fluids may dilute the analytes of interest or even introduce analytes of concern not previously present (see 5.4 ). 4.4 This guide is most often used in conjunction with Guide D6169/D6169M on soil and rock sampling because sampling is the primary activity during drilling/push borings. There are several guides that deal with individual drilling methods (see Guides D5781/D5781M , D5782 , D5783 , D5784 , D5872 , D5875/D5875M , and D5876/D5876M ) and how to the complete them for water quality monitoring well installations (see Practice D5092/D5092M ). Practices on hollow-stem auger ( D6151/D6151M ) and sonic drilling ( D6914/D6914M ) were written for both geotechnical and environmental purposes and address sampling methods. Practice D2113 on rock core drilling includes sampling methods. 4.4.1 This guide covers direct push methods that are only used to make open holes for testing and sampling. This most often accomplished using dual tube systems and using the tubes for access of the subsurface for water sampling, D6001 , soil sampling ( D6282/D6282M ), well installation ( D6724/D6724M , D6725/D6725M ) and aquifer testing ( D7242/D7242M ). 4.5 Predominant or Typical Drilling/Push Boring Methods Used for Geotechnical and Environmental Applications: 4.5.1 Geotechnical Investigations in Soils (unconsolidated deposits)— The most commonly used drilling methods for geotechnical exploration are fluid rotary drilling when groundwater is present. Hollow-stem auger drilling is also frequently used especially in arid regions where introduction of fluids is to be avoided in unsaturated soils. 4.5.2 Environmental Investigations in soils (unconsolidated deposits)— Most of these investigations are focused on soil contamination or, groundwater quality investigations so introduction of drilling fluids is not desirable and methods which generate minimal waste are highly favored. Direct Push methods were developed because they develop minimal investigative derived waste (IDW). Sonic methods are frequently used and generate minimal IDW but large cores. Hollow-stem augers and fluid rotary are used yet they generate large amounts of IDW. 4.5.2.1 At most environmental sites hazardous contaminants are present in the subsurface. Because of this fact any drill cuttings or drilling fluids returned to the surface should be properly handled, contained and stored (drums or roll-off bins, etc.) for sampling and laboratory analysis. Laboratory analyses may be required to verify that hazardous contaminants are not present above regulatory action levels prior to proper disposal. If concentrations of hazardous chemicals in cuttings or waste drilling fluids exceed regulatory action levels the waste may require treatment before disposal or may need to be properly disposed in a hazardous waste landfill. Review pertinent regulations before drilling/push boring to maintain compliance. The generation of contaminated waste drill cuttings and fluids significantly increase the potential for worker exposure to hazardous contaminants. Review pertinent regulations (such as OSHA 1910.120, etc.) to maintain compliance with worker safety and monitoring requirements. 4.5.3 Rock, Weathered Rock, and Coarse Cobble Boulder Drilling— Wireline rock coring is used in competent rock and results in the best core recovery. For coarse grained unconsolidated deposits and weathered bedrock samples are very difficult to recover and, rotary air drill through drive casing advancers are often used and require larger drills. Larger sonic drills can also drill and recover rock and boulder formations. 4.5.4 Sonic drilling methods have increased in use for both geotechnical and environmental explorations. The method offers very rapid continuous coring with the ability to drill difficult formations with large diameter equipment. 4.5.5 Shallow hand auger ( D4700 ) is used for both disciplines but in most cases hand applications are used as part of initial site surveys prior to drilling/push boring or just for characterization of shallow soil sampling. Hand auguring is very labor intensive and has almost been abandoned in favor of using direct push equipment. Note 1: The reliability of data and interpretations generated by this practice is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 generally are considered capable of competent testing. Users of this practice are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not assure reliable testing. Reliable testing depends on several factors and Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of these factors. Practice D3740 was developed for agencies engaged in the testing, inspection, or both, of soils and rock. As such, it is not totally applicable to agencies performing these field practices. Users of this test method should recognize that the framework of Practice D3740 is appropriate for evaluating the quality of an agency performing drilling. Currently, there is no known qualifying national authority that inspects agencies that perform this test method. There is training and certification for drillers that are normally required for critical installations such as water well drilling (NGWA, NDA).