在以供暖为主的气候条件下，住宅地源热泵系统通常采用辅助电阻供暖。这通常用于冬季供暖的一部分——它可能仅用于罕见的紧急用途，也可能用于提供年冬季供暖的很大一部分。在瑞典，典型的地源热泵通过辐射板和生活热水提供供暖，当生活热水负荷较高或地源热泵温度降至较低值时，可以启动辅助电阻供暖。如果电阻加热提供的热量占全年冬季加热的很大一部分，则可获得以下优势: 需要更小、更便宜的热泵；需要更小、更便宜的地下换热器。但这是以较低的系统季节性性能系数和较高的运行成本为代价的，因为用电量增加。本文评估了典型瑞典住宅——斯德哥尔摩一栋20世纪40年代翻修的住宅——对辅助电阻加热的高度依赖（相应的投资成本较低）和对辅助电阻加热的较低依赖（相应的运营成本较低）之间的权衡。利用建筑模拟程序估算了每小时建筑热负荷和水热负荷。 针对不同的热泵容量和不同的地下换热器尺寸，开发了一系列系统设计。对不同的系统进行模拟，以比较运行情况和实际用电量。模拟评估了地下换热器、热泵和辅助电阻加热的十年性能，以第五年为典型。首先，根据瑞典地源热泵系统和电力的当前成本确定成本和运营成本。确定了最优设计，并考虑了一系列近似最优设计。引用:ASHRAE论文CD:2014 ASHRAE冬季会议，纽约

Residential ground source heat pump systems in heating-dominated climates often incorporate auxiliary electric resistance heating. This is often utilized for some portion of the winter heating – it could be intended only for rare, emergency use, or it could be intended to provide a significant fraction of the annual winter heating. In Sweden, where a typical ground source heat pump provides both heating via radiant panels and domestic hot water, the auxiliary electric resistance heating may be activated either when there are high domestic hot water loads or when ground heat exchanger temperatures fall to low values. In cases where the electric resistance heating provides a significant fraction of the annual winter heating, several advantages are gained: a smaller and less expensive heat pump is required; a smaller and less expensive ground heat exchanger is required. But this comes at the expense of a lower system seasonal coefficient of performance and higher operation costs due to increased electricity usage.This paper evaluates the tradeoffs between higher reliance on auxiliary electric resistance heating (with corresponding lower investment cost) and lower reliance on auxiliary electric resistance heating (with corresponding lower operating cost) for a typical Swedish house - a renovated 1940s-era house in Stockholm. The hourly building heating loads and water heating loads are estimated with a building simulation program. A range of system designs are developed with different heat pump capacities and different ground heat exchanger sizes. The different systems are simulated to compare operation and actual electricity consumption. The simulation evaluates the performance of the ground heat exchanger, heat pump, and auxiliary electric resistance heating for a ten-year period, the 5th year taken as typical. First costs and operating costs are determined based on current costs in Sweden for ground source heat pump systems and electricity. The optimal design is determined and a range of nearoptimal designs are considered.