1.1 本指南涵盖了获取、储存、表征和操作海洋、河口和淡水沉积物的程序，用于实验室沉积物毒性评估，并描述了可用于收集沉积物和底栖无脊椎动物的采样器( 附件A1 ). 本标准并非旨在为沉积物评估的所有方面提供详细指导，如化学分析或监测、地球物理表征或可提取相和分馏分析。然而，这些信息中的一些可能有用于其中一些活动的应用程序。 本指南介绍了各种方法。在对方法进行审查之后，发表了关于协商一致方法的声明。纳入这种协商一致的方法是为了促进研究之间的一致性。预计推荐的方法和本指南将定期更新，以反映我们对沉积物的理解以及如何最好地研究它们的进展。该版本的标准主要基于美国环境保护局（USEPA）开发的一份文件（2001 ( 1. ) ) 2. 和加拿大环境部（1994年 ( 2. ) )以及本标准的早期版本。 1.2 保护沉积物质量是恢复和维护自然资源生物完整性以及保护水生生物、野生动物和人类健康的重要组成部分。沉积物是水生生态系统的一个组成部分，为许多水生生物提供栖息地、觅食、产卵和繁殖区（MacDonald和Ingersoll 2002 a，b ( 3. ) ( 4. ) ). 沉积物也是沉积物中污染物的蓄水池，因此也是水柱、生物体以及最终这些生物体的人类消费者的潜在污染物来源。 这些污染物可能来自多种来源，包括城市和工业排放、城市和农业径流、大气沉积和港口运营。 1.3 受污染的沉积物可对底栖生物（沉积物栖息地）和其他与沉积物有关的生物造成致命和亚致命影响。此外，自然和人为干扰会将污染物释放到上层水中，上层（水柱）生物可能暴露在上层水中。沉积物相关污染物可以通过直接影响或影响可持续种群所需的粮食供应，减少或消除具有娱乐、商业或生态重要性的物种。 此外，沉积物中的一些污染物可以通过食物链生物累积，并对野生动物和人类消费者构成健康风险，即使居住在沉积物中的生物本身没有受到影响（试验方法 第1706页 ). 1.4 有几份与沉积物收集和表征程序有关的监管指导文件，这些文件对从事联邦或州机构相关工作的个人可能很重要。Dickson等人对这些方法的一些原理和当前想法进行了讨论。Ingersoll等人。 (1997 ( 5. ) )，以及Wenning和Ingersoll（2002年 ( 6. ) ). 1.5 本指南安排如下: 部分 范围 1. 参考文件 2. 术语 3. 指南摘要 4. 意义和用途 5. 干扰 6. 仪器 7. 安全隐患 8. 沉积物监测和评估计划 9 全沉积物样品的采集 10 沉积物的现场样品处理、运输和储存 11 示例操作 12 间质水的收集 13 沉积物样品的理化性质 14 质量保证 15 汇报 16 关键词 17 用于收集沉积物或底栖无脊椎动物的采样器说明 附件A1 1.6 现场收集的沉积物可能含有潜在的有毒物质，因此应谨慎处理，以尽量减少工人的职业接触。在处理含有各种有机、无机或放射性标记污染物或其组合的加标沉积物时，还必须考虑工人的安全。应仔细考虑那些在暴露过程中可能生物降解、挥发、氧化或光解的化学物质。 1.7 以国际单位制或英寸磅单位表示的数值应视为标准。 括号中给出的值仅供参考。 1.8 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 具体危害说明见第节 8. . 1.9 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 5.1 沉积物毒性评估是环境质量和生态系统影响评估的重要组成部分，用于实现各种研究和监管目标。沉积物的收集、储存、表征和操作方式会对任何沉积物质量或过程评估的结果产生很大影响。以系统和统一的方式处理这些变量将有助于解释沉积物毒性或生物累积结果，并可能使研究之间进行比较。 5.2 沉积物质量评价是水质保护的重要组成部分。沉积物评估通常包括物理化学特征、毒性测试或生物累积测试，以及底栖生物群落分析。使用一致的沉积物收集、处理和储存方法将有助于提供高质量的样本，通过这些样本可以为国家清单和其他预防、补救和管理受污染沉积物的计划获得准确的数据。 5.3 众所周知，沉积物和间隙水的样品采集、运输、处理、储存和操作方法会影响物理化学财产以及化学、毒性和生物累积分析的结果。 以适当和系统的方式处理这些变量将提供更准确的沉积物质量数据，并有助于沉积物研究之间的比较。 5.4 本标准提供了收集和处理沉积物以进行物理化学表征和生物测试的最新信息和建议，使用最有可能维持原位条件、最准确地代表所述沉积物或满足特定需求的程序，以帮助生成一致、高质量的数据收集。 5.5 本标准旨在为根据各种监管和非监管计划设计或执行沉积物质量研究的人员提供技术支持。提供了有关一般取样设计考虑因素、所需的现场和实验室设施、安全、取样设备、样品储存和运输程序以及化学或毒理学分析中常见的样品操作问题的信息。本标准中包含的信息反映了几个国际知名来源的知识和经验，包括普吉特湾河口计划（PSEP）、华盛顿州生态部（WDE）、美国环境保护局（USEPA）、美国陆军工程兵团（USACE）、国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）和加拿大环境部。 本标准试图根据上述来源以及同行评审文献中的大量信息，提出一套关于现场采样技术和沉积物或间隙水样本处理的一致建议。 5.6 由于本标准的范围很广，不可能充分提供所有情况下沉积物取样和处理各个方面的详细信息。这种详细的指导也没有必要，因为许多信息（例如，如何操作特定的采样设备或如何使用地理定位系统（GPS）设备）已经存在于本标准中引用的其他出版材料中。 5.7 鉴于上述限制，本标准:( 1. )介绍了沉积物取样和样品处理所涉及的活动；( 2. )提醒用户注意每个活动中应考虑的重要问题；以及( 3. )就如何最好地解决提出的问题提出建议，以便收集和分析适当的样本。根据研究目标（例如，修复、疏浚物评估或状态和趋势监测），试图提醒用户注意与采样和样本处理有关的不同考虑事项。 5.8 本标准的组织反映了希望为现场人员和管理人员提供一个有用的工具，用于选择适当的采样位置、确定这些位置的特征、收集和存储样本，以及操作这些样本进行分析。本标准的每一节都是为了让读者能够在不必阅读整个标准的情况下，根据需要仅获得一项活动或一组活动（例如，二次采样或样本处理）的信息。许多章节被交叉引用，以便提醒读者注意本标准其他地方可能涉及的相关问题。 这对于某些化学或毒理学应用尤其重要，在这些应用中，适当的样品处理或实验室程序与特定的现场取样程序相关联。 5.9 本标准中包含的方法广泛适用于任何希望收集一致、高质量沉积物数据的实体。本标准没有就如何实施任何具体的监管要求或设计特定的沉积物质量评估提供指导，而是对如何最好地收集环境样本的技术方法进行了汇编，这些方法最适合解决共同的采样目标。 5.10 本标准中提供的信息不应被视为所有推荐程序的最终说明。本标准中涉及的许多主题（例如，沉积物保持时间、配方沉积物成分、间隙水收集和处理）是正在进行的研究的主题。随着沉积物监测和研究的数据在未来可用，该标准将根据需要进行更新。

1.1 This guide covers procedures for obtaining, storing, characterizing, and manipulating marine, estuarine, and freshwater sediments, for use in laboratory sediment toxicity evaluations and describes samplers that can be used to collect sediment and benthic invertebrates ( Annex A1 ). This standard is not meant to provide detailed guidance for all aspects of sediment assessments, such as chemical analyses or monitoring, geophysical characterization, or extractable phase and fractionation analyses. However, some of this information might have applications for some of these activities. A variety of methods are reviewed in this guide. A statement on the consensus approach then follows this review of the methods. This consensus approach has been included in order to foster consistency among studies. It is anticipated that recommended methods and this guide will be updated routinely to reflect progress in our understanding of sediments and how to best study them. This version of the standard is based primarily on a document developed by USEPA (2001 ( 1 ) ) 2 and by Environment Canada (1994 ( 2 ) ) as well as an earlier version of this standard. 1.2 Protecting sediment quality is an important part of restoring and maintaining the biological integrity of our natural resources as well as protecting aquatic life, wildlife, and human health. Sediment is an integral component of aquatic ecosystems, providing habitat, feeding, spawning, and rearing areas for many aquatic organisms (MacDonald and Ingersoll 2002 a, b ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ). Sediment also serves as a reservoir for contaminants in sediment and therefore a potential source of contaminants to the water column, organisms, and ultimately human consumers of those organisms. These contaminants can arise from a number of sources, including municipal and industrial discharges, urban and agricultural runoff, atmospheric deposition, and port operations. 1.3 Contaminated sediment can cause lethal and sublethal effects in benthic (sediment-dwelling) and other sediment-associated organisms. In addition, natural and human disturbances can release contaminants to the overlying water, where pelagic (water column) organisms can be exposed. Sediment-associated contaminants can reduce or eliminate species of recreational, commercial, or ecological importance, either through direct effects or by affecting the food supply that sustainable populations require. Furthermore, some contaminants in sediment can bioaccumulate through the food chain and pose health risks to wildlife and human consumers even when sediment-dwelling organisms are not themselves impacted (Test Method E1706 ). 1.4 There are several regulatory guidance documents concerned with sediment collection and characterization procedures that might be important for individuals performing federal or state agency-related work. Discussion of some of the principles and current thoughts on these approaches can be found in Dickson, et al. Ingersoll et al. (1997 ( 5 ) ), and Wenning and Ingersoll (2002 ( 6 ) ). 1.5 This guide is arranged as follows: Section Scope 1 Referenced Documents 2 Terminology 3 Summary of Guide 4 Significance and Use 5 Interferences 6 Apparatus 7 Safety Hazards 8 Sediment Monitoring and Assessment Plans 9 Collection of Whole Sediment Samples 10 Field Sample Processing, Transport, and Storage of Sediments 11 Sample Manipulations 12 Collection of Interstitial Water 13 Physico-chemical Characterization of Sediment Samples 14 Quality Assurance 15 Report 16 Keywords 17 Description of Samplers Used to Collect Sediment or Benthic Invertebrates Annex A1 1.6 Field-collected sediments might contain potentially toxic materials and should thus be treated with caution to minimize occupational exposure to workers. Worker safety must also be considered when working with spiked sediments containing various organic, inorganic, or radiolabeled contaminants, or some combination thereof. Careful consideration should be given to those chemicals that might biodegrade, volatilize, oxidize, or photolyze during the exposure. 1.7 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 8 . 1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 Sediment toxicity evaluations are a critical component of environmental quality and ecosystem impact assessments, and are used to meet a variety of research and regulatory objectives. The manner in which the sediments are collected, stored, characterized, and manipulated can influence the results of any sediment quality or process evaluation greatly. Addressing these variables in a systematic and uniform manner will aid the interpretations of sediment toxicity or bioaccumulation results and may allow comparisons between studies. 5.2 Sediment quality assessment is an important component of water quality protection. Sediment assessments commonly include physicochemical characterization, toxicity tests or bioaccumulation tests, as well as benthic community analyses. The use of consistent sediment collection, manipulation, and storage methods will help provide high quality samples with which accurate data can be obtained for the national inventory and for other programs to prevent, remediate, and manage contaminated sediment. 5.3 It is now widely known that the methods used in sample collection, transport, handling, storage, and manipulation of sediments and interstitial waters can influence the physicochemical properties and the results of chemical, toxicity, and bioaccumulation analyses. Addressing these variables in an appropriate and systematic manner will provide more accurate sediment quality data and facilitate comparisons among sediment studies. 5.4 This standard provides current information and recommendations for collecting and handling sediments for physicochemical characterization and biological testing, using procedures that are most likely to maintain in situ conditions, most accurately represent the sediment in question, or satisfy particular needs, to help generate consistent, high quality data collection. 5.5 This standard is intended to provide technical support to those who design or perform sediment quality studies under a variety of regulatory and non-regulatory programs. Information is provided concerning general sampling design considerations, field and laboratory facilities needed, safety, sampling equipment, sample storage and transport procedures, and sample manipulation issues common to chemical or toxicological analyses. Information contained in this standard reflects the knowledge and experience of several internationally-known sources including the Puget Sound Estuary Program (PSEP), Washington State Department of Ecology (WDE), United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and Environment Canada. This standard attempts to present a coherent set of recommendations on field sampling techniques and sediment or interstitial water sample processing based on the above sources, as well as extensive information in the peer-reviewed literature. 5.6 As the scope of this standard is broad, it is impossible to adequately present detailed information on every aspect of sediment sampling and processing for all situations. Nor is such detailed guidance warranted because much of this information (for example, how to operate a particular sampling device or how to use a Geographical Positioning System (GPS) device) already exists in other published materials referenced in this standard. 5.7 Given the above constraints, this standard: ( 1 ) presents a discussion of activities involved in sediment sampling and sample processing; ( 2 ) alerts the user to important issues that should be considered within each activity; and ( 3 ) gives recommendations on how to best address the issues raised such that appropriate samples are collected and analyzed. An attempt is made to alert the user to different considerations pertaining to sampling and sample processing depending on the objectives of the study (for example, remediation, dredged material evaluations or status and trends monitoring). 5.8 The organization of this standard reflects the desire to give field personnel and managers a useful tool for choosing appropriate sampling locations, characterize those locations, collect and store samples, and manipulate those samples for analyses. Each section of this standard is written so that the reader can obtain information on only one activity or set of activities (for example, subsampling or sample processing), if desired, without necessarily reading the entire standard. Many sections are cross-referenced so that the reader is alerted to relevant issues that might be covered elsewhere in the standard. This is particularly important for certain chemical or toxicological applications in which appropriate sample processing or laboratory procedures are associated with specific field sampling procedures. 5.9 The methods contained in this standard are widely applicable to any entity wishing to collect consistent, high quality sediment data. This standard does not provide guidance on how to implement any specific regulatory requirement, or design a particular sediment quality assessment, but rather it is a compilation of technical methods on how to best collect environmental samples that most appropriately address common sampling objectives. 5.10 The information presented in this standard should not be viewed as the final statement on all the recommended procedures. Many of the topics addressed in this standard (for example, sediment holding time, formulated sediment composition, interstitial water collection and processing) are the subject of ongoing research. As data from sediment monitoring and research becomes available in the future, this standard will be updated as necessary.