1.1 本规程涵盖了使用参考标准棉对各种实验室中用于测试棉纤维的仪器和技术进行标准化。 1.2 标准化可以通过应用基于参考标准的校正因子，或通过修改使用的技术来实现。 注1: 当使用参考标准制定校正系数或调整操作员的技术时，不涉及仪器校准过程。术语“校准”正确用于仪器的永久刻度或标记的应用或分配。可以对特定仪器和附件（如孔口、金属条或玻璃纸片）进行调整，以获得特定仪器的规定值。 由于操作员的技术或方法或程序的解释本身是可变的，因此无法对其进行校准，即分配一个永久的确定值。然而，参考标准的使用为标准化技术和检查观察结果的可靠性提供了一种手段。 1.3 本规程认可两种参考标准:( 1. )校准棉花标准（见 6.1 )和( 2. )工作棉花标准（见 6.2 ). 1.4 本规程中包含的说明可用于任何形式的棉纤维，适用于使用特定仪器进行测试。 1.5 本规程中的说明适用于棉纤维，但也可适用于棉和其他纤维的特定混合物，或可使用设计用于测试棉纤维的仪器测试的其他纤维。 然而，没有可用的信息表明，使用参考棉花样品标准化的测试程序对于各种棉纤维混纺或其他纤维同样可靠。 注2: 建议将本实施规程中涵盖的标准化程序用于以下方面:试验方法 D1440 , D1445 , D1447 和 D1448号 . 1.6 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.7 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 5.1 本实施规程的目的是为使用参考标准棉对仪器和技术进行标准化提供指导原则，以便在相同或不同时间由相同或不同的操作员对棉纤维样品进行测试时获得可再现的测试结果（在统计限值内），同一实验室内和不同实验室内。 5.2 由于仪器和操作技术的不同，在同一样品上进行的棉纤维测试的结果可能差异很大。根据制造商的说明，通过对仪器进行物理调整，可以控制测试结果水平的某些变化。 仪器调整仅为使仪器值与制造商确定的指定校准点一致。棉纤维测试结果的其他变化是由样本制备中使用的技术差异、从天平读取测试值的错误、参考标准的变化以及样本选择中的采样错误引起的。必须使用每个操作员仪器至少四组测定值的平均值，以便为任何技术调整或校正系数的使用奠定坚实的基础。 4. 5.3 在比较不同操作员和不同实验室的结果时，例如在买方和卖方之间，必须在复制样本上获得所有结果。 在单个样品和参考标准品上获得的值从来不是绝对值，但由于样品的异质性，其平均值存在正常变化。因此，测试值的置信限取决于测试的实验室内方差和采样误差。不同实验室的结果水平仅在两个实验室使用相同参考标准的程度上具有可比性。 5.4 参考标准品的任何一组测定值都可能在该参考标准品的统计限值范围内，约为67 % 在当时。如特定测试程序中所述，需要至少四组测试的平均值，以确定测试水平的可靠平均值。 在根据工作棉标准或校准棉标准的初步结果调整仪器或技术时应谨慎，因为这些参考标准内存在变化。 5.5 当参考标准棉的初始测试结果的平均值在既定值的一个单位标准偏差范围内时，可以开始对待测试的棉纤维样品进行测试。如果平均值不在一个标准偏差单位内，则重新检查仪器调整，并从参考标准棉中另外测试一组试样。在仪器检查表明调整（仪器）有序的情况下，这两组测定的平均值可以用作修改技术的基础，或者如果要使用校正因子，则可以用作启动未知样品测试的基础。 校正系数应基于在常规测试之前、期间和完成时所做的测定。

1.1 This practice covers the use of reference standard cottons for the standardization of instruments and techniques used to test cotton fibers in various laboratories. 1.2 Standardization may be achieved by application of a correction factor based on the reference standards, or by modification of the technique in use. Note 1: When reference standards are used to develop correction factors, or to adjust an operator's technique, no instrument calibration processes are involved. The term “Calibration” is properly used for the application or assignment of permanent scales or marks to an instrument. Adjustments can be made to specific instruments and accessories such as orifices, metallic strips, or cellophane sheets, in order to obtain the prescribed values with a specific instrument. Since an operator's technique or the interpretation of a method or procedure is inherently variable, it cannot be calibrated, that is, assigned a permanent, definite value. The use of reference standards, however, affords a means for standardizing techniques and checking the reliability of observed results. 1.3 This practice recognizes two types of reference standards: ( 1 ) calibration cotton standards (see 6.1 ) and ( 2 ) working cotton standards (see 6.2 ). 1.4 The instructions included in this practice can be used with cotton fibers in any form suitable for testing with the particular instrument to be used. 1.5 The instructions in the practice are applicable to cotton fibers but can also be applied to specific blends of cotton and other fibers, or to other fibers that can be tested with the instruments designed for testing cotton fibers. No information is available, however, to show that test procedures standardized with reference cotton samples are equally reliable with various cotton fiber blends or with other fibers. Note 2: Standardization procedures covered in this practice are recommended for use with the following: Test Methods D1440 , D1445 , D1447 , and D1448 . 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 The purpose of this practice is to provide guiding principles for the use of reference standard cottons for the standardization of instruments and techniques to obtain reproducible test results (within statistical limits) when the tests are performed on samples of cotton fibers by the same or different operators at the same or different times, both within the same laboratory and in different laboratories. 5.2 Results obtained on cotton fiber tests on the same sample may vary widely due to differences in instruments and operator techniques. Some variation in test result levels can be controlled by the physical adjustment of instruments in accordance with manufacturers' instruction. Instrument adjustments are made only to cause instrument values to coincide with specified calibration points established by the manufacturer. Other variations in cotton fiber test results are caused by differences in technique used in specimen preparation, errors in reading test values from scales, variation in the reference standard, and sampling errors in specimen selection. It is necessary that the mean value of at least four sets of determinations per operator-instrument be used in order to form a sound basis for any adjustment of technique or for the use of correction factors. 4 5.3 In comparing results of different operators and different laboratories, for example, between the purchaser and the seller, it is essential that all results be obtained on replicate specimens. Values obtained on individual samples, as well as on a reference standard are never absolute, but have a normal variation about their mean due to heterogeneity of the sample. Therefore confidence limits of a test value are dependent upon the within laboratory variance for the test and the sampling error. The level of the results in different laboratories will be comparable only to the extent of the use of the same reference standards in both laboratories. 5.4 Any one set of determinations on a reference standard may be within the statistical limits of this reference standard cotton approximately 67 % of the time. The mean of a minimum of four sets of tests, as set out in the specific test procedure, is required to establish a reliable mean value for the determination of the test level. Caution should be exercised in the adjustment of instrument or technique on the basis of preliminary results on the working cotton standard or calibration cotton standard because of the variation within these reference standards. 5.5 When the mean value of the initial test results on a reference standard cotton falls within one unit standard deviation of the established values, testing may be started on samples of cotton fiber to be tested. If the mean value does not fall within one standard deviation unit, recheck the instrument adjustments and test an additional set of test specimens from the reference standard cotton. The mean value of these two sets of determinations, where instrument checks have shown the adjustments (instruments) to be in order, may then be used as a basis for modification of technique, or if correction factors are to be used, the basis for the initiation of testing of unknown samples. Correction factors should be based on determinations made before, during, and at the completion of routine testing.