1.1 这些定义适用于ASTM委员会D18标准术语部分中的许多术语。 1.2 本术语标准定义了与ASTM委员会D18管辖下的标准各部分中发现的土壤、岩石和所含流体相关的术语。 1.3 与冻土相关的术语定义包含在术语中 D7099 . 1.4 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 3.1 本标准中的定义应视为适用于D18委员会其他ASTM标准中的术语。在本委员会管辖下发布的多个标准中可能会发现某些条款，其中许多条款已纳入本标准。 3.2 某些教科书中定义的术语可能与本术语标准中的术语略有不同。本术语标准中的定义应视为符合ASTM的使用要求。 3.3 看见 附录X1 供参考。 3.4 为了方便用户，包含了标有（ISRM）的定义，这些定义直接来自国际岩石力学学会（见 X1.3 ). 3.5 许多定义包括符号。符号以斜体显示在术语名称之后。 3.5.1 当单个术语有两个或多个符号时，符号的显示顺序不应具有任何意义。 3.5.2 给出的符号是示例；因此，可以接受其他符号。 3.5.3 看见 附录X2 ISRM符号。 3.6 许多定义表示括号中的测量单位，如果给定，则在符号后面。适用单位用斜体大写字母表示，如下所示: D -无量纲 F -力，如磅力、吨力、牛顿 L -长度，例如英寸、英尺、毫米和米 4. M -质量，如千克、克 T -时间，例如秒、分钟 3.6.1 正指数表示分子中的倍数。负指数表示分母中的倍数。角度表示为“度” 3.6.2 故意省略了用国际单位制或英寸磅制表示单位，以便将系统和特定单位的选择留给工程师和特定应用，例如: 佛罗里达州 −2. -可以用磅力/平方英寸、千帕、吨/平方英尺等表示。 书信电报 −1. -可以用英尺/分钟、米/秒等表示。 3.7 在交叉引用同义词的情况下，定义通常按字母顺序包含在早期术语中。如果不是这样，则后一项更为重要。 3.8 定义分组和相关术语列表- 为了帮助用户查找术语，本术语标准提供了定义分组和相关术语列表。 3.8.1 分组- 这些分组如表1A所示。 表1A分组列表* 含水层 系数:地球 巩固 D18.24 密集 头 测量 主平面 比重 强调 单位重量 波动 *小组委员会主席可以编辑性地添加或删除分组，因为它们在 D653 . 3.8.1.1 子项分组 -这些分组如表1B所示。 表1B分项分组清单* ASTM水泥类型 层位或土层 水分当量 塑性平衡 剪切破坏或破裂破坏 现场调查 土壤结构 *小组委员会主席可以编辑性地添加或删除分组，因为它们在 D653 . 3.8.2 列表（请参阅 附录X3 )— 表1C列出了相关术语。 该列表可能包括特定技术小组委员会管辖下的标准中定义的所有术语，如D18.14、D18.24、D18.25和D18.26。 表1C相关条款清单* 压实 密集 有效的 比重 单位重量 *小组委员会主席可以编辑性地添加或删除相关术语的列表，因为它们在 D653 .

1.1 These definitions apply to many terms found in the Terminology section of standards of ASTM Committee D18. 1.2 This terminology standard defines terms related to soil, rock, and contained fluids found in the various sections of standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18. 1.3 Definitions of terms relating to frozen soils are contained in Terminology D7099 . 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 3.1 Definitions in this standard are to be regarded as the correct ones for terms found in other ASTM standards of Committee D18. Certain terms may be found in more than one standard issued under the jurisdiction of this committee and many of these terms have been placed in this standard. 3.2 Terms that are defined in some textbooks may differ slightly from those in this terminology standard. Definitions in this terminology standard are to be regarded as correct for ASTM usage. 3.3 See Appendix X1 for References. 3.4 Definitions marked with (ISRM) are included for the convenience of the user and were taken directly from the International Society for Rock Mechanics (see X1.3 ). 3.5 A number of the definitions include symbols. The symbols appear in italics immediately after the name of the term. 3.5.1 No significance should be placed on the order in which the symbols are presented where two or more are given for an individual term. 3.5.2 The symbols presented are examples; therefore, other symbols are acceptable. 3.5.3 See Appendix X2 for ISRM Symbols. 3.6 A number of definitions indicate the units of measurements in brackets and which follow the symbol(s) if given. The applicable units are indicated by italic capital letters, as follows: D —Dimensionless F —Force, such as pound-force, ton-force, newton L —Length, such as inch, foot, millimeter, and meter 4 M —Mass, such as kilogram, gram T —Time, such as second, minute 3.6.1 Positive exponents designate multiples in the numerator. Negative exponents designate multiples in the denominator. Degrees of angle are indicated as “degrees.” 3.6.2 Expressing the units either in SI or the inch-pound system has been purposely omitted in order to leave the choice of the system and specific unit to the engineer and the particular application, for example: FL −2 —may be expressed in pounds-force per square inch, kilopascals, tons per square foot, etc. LT −1 —may be expressed in feet per minute, meters per second, etc. 3.7 Where synonymous terms are cross-referenced, the definition is usually included with the earlier term alphabetically. Where this is not the case, the later term is the more significant. 3.8 Grouping of Definitions and Listing of Related Terms— To aide users in finding terms, this terminology standard provides grouping of definitions and listing of related terms. 3.8.1 Groupings— These groupings are presented in Table 1A. TABLE 1A Listing of Groupings* Aquifer Coefficients: Earth Consolidation D18.24 Density Head Measurement Principal Plane Specific Gravity Stress Unit Weight Wave *Groupings can be editorially added or removed by the subcommittee chair as they are changed within D653 . 3.8.1.1 Sub-Term Groupings —These groupings are presented in Table 1B. TABLE 1B Listing of Sub-Term Groupings* ASTM cement types horizon or soil horizon moisture equivalent plastic equilibrium shear failure or failure by rupture site investigation soil structure *Groupings can be editorially added or removed by the subcommittee chair as they are changed within D653 . 3.8.2 Listings (see Appendix X3 )— The listing of related terms is given in Table 1C. This listing may include all of the terms defined within standards under the jurisdiction of a specific technical subcommittee, such as D18.14, D18.24, D18.25, and D18.26. TABLE 1C Listing of Related Terms* compaction density effective specific gravity unit weight *Listings of related terms can be editorially added or removed by the subcommittee chair as they are changed within D653 .