1.1 本指南涵盖了适用于高尔夫果岭和发球台高性能砂基根区施工的技术。本指南提供了选择材料的指南，包括土壤、沙子、砾石、泥炭等，用于设计和建造沙基高尔夫草坪根区。 1.2 选择施工和维护技术的决定受现有土壤类型、气候因素、发挥水平、使用强度和频率、可用设备、预算和培训以及管理人员能力的影响。 1.3 本指南提供了有组织的信息收集或一系列选项，并不推荐具体的行动方案。本文件不能取代教育或经验，应与专业判断一起使用。并非本指南的所有方面都适用于所有情况。本指南不代表或取代必须根据其判断给定专业服务是否充分的谨慎标准，也不应在不考虑项目的许多独特方面的情况下应用本文件。 本文件标题中的“标准”一词仅表示该文件已通过ASTM共识程序获得批准。 1.4 以国际单位制表示的数值应视为标准。括号中给出的值仅供参考。 1.5 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.6 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 4.1 密集、均匀、平滑且生长旺盛（或健康）的天然草坪高尔夫果岭或发球台为高尔夫提供了理想和首选的推杆或发球面。 沙子通常用于构建高性能推杆果岭和发球台根区系统。与其他土壤材料相比，砂具有抗压实性，并改善了排水和通风，因此被选为主要建筑材料。在最佳或正常条件下，与沙子相比，壤质土壤可以提供更稳定的表面和增强的生长介质，如果在土壤水分过多的时期（例如在降雨期间或之后）使用，土壤会迅速压实并恶化。另一方面，即使在潮湿时期，适当建造的砂基根区也会抵抗压实。即使在压实后，与相同交通水平下的原生土壤根区相比，沙子将保持增强的排水和通风状态。因此，基于沙子的根区更有利于提供全天候的推杆或发球面。一旦压实，使用机械曝气设备，沙子也更容易分解。 4.2 在规划、建造和维护高质量的推杆果岭或发球台装置时，必须考虑土壤和草植物的特性。使用的草坪草必须适应当地的生长条件，并能够在所需的割草高度形成厚、密的草坪覆盖层。未种植的沙子本身并不稳定，因此必须利用草来承受严酷的游戏。然而，沙子确实具有难以置信的承载能力，如果保持密实、均匀的草皮覆盖，则基于沙子的系统可以提供坚实、均匀的运动场地。 4.3 一个成功的基于砂的根区系统取决于在项目中使用的材料的正确选择。正确选择沙子、有机改良剂、土壤和砾石对系统的性能至关重要。本标准指南解决了这些问题。 4.3.1 施工期间，应考虑根区材料的物理和化学性质、表面和内部排水以及石块和其他碎屑等因素。 4.3.2 影响可玩性的维护实践包括割草、灌溉、施肥和机械通气。这些因素在其他标准（指南）中进行了阐述 F2060 , F2269页 和 F2397 ). 4.4 负责高尔夫推杆果岭和发球台的设计、建造或维护或其组合的人员将受益于本指南。 4.5 成功的项目开发取决于正确的规划以及设计和施工团队成员的选择与合作。基于沙子的推杆果岭/发球台根区项目设计团队应包括高尔夫球场建筑师/设计师、农学家或土壤科学家，或两者兼有，以及业主的设计代表。在施工阶段增加的团队成员应包括业主的项目经理（通常是业主设计代表的角色扩展）、业主的质量控制代理（通常是为了成为完工项目的高尔夫球场总监/果岭管理员而提前雇用的人员），业主的测试代理（通常是项目农艺师/土壤科学家角色的扩展）和承包商。 4.5.1 项目规划必须在预期施工日期之前进行。通常，该规划需要多次会议来创建事件日历、时间表、批准、评估、性能标准、质量控制（QC）协议、材料采购、岩土工程报告和施工预算。 注1: 在制定本标准的过程中，考虑了已发布的高尔夫果岭和果岭施工土壤的其他规范。

1.1 This guide covers techniques that are appropriate for the construction of high performance sand-based rootzones for golf greens and tees. This guide provides guidance for the selection of materials, including soil, sand, gravel, peat, etc., for use in designing and constructing sand-based golf turf rootzones. 1.2 Decisions in selecting construction and maintenance techniques are influenced by existing soil types, climatic factors, level of play, intensity and frequency of use, equipment available, budget and training, and the ability of management personnel. 1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 A dense, uniform, smooth and vigorously (or healthy) growing natural turfgrass golf green or tee provides the ideal and preferred putting or teeing surface for golf. Sand is commonly used to construct high performance putting green and tee rootzone systems. Sand is chosen as a primary construction material due to its compaction resistance and improved drainage and aeration compared to other soil materials. A loamy soil that may provide a more stable surface and enhanced growing media compared to sand under optimal or normal conditions will quickly compact and deteriorate in condition if used in periods of excessive soil moisture, such as during or following a rain event. A properly constructed sand-based rootzone on the other hand will resist compaction even during wet periods. Even when compacted, sands will retain an enhanced drainage and aeration state compared to native soil rootzones under the same level of traffic. As such, sand-based rootzones are more conducive to providing an all-weather type of putting or teeing surface. Once compacted, sands are also easier to decompact with the use of mechanical aeration equipment. 4.2 Properties of both the soil and grass plants must be considered in planning, constructing, and maintaining a high quality putting green or tee installation. Turfgrasses utilized must be adapted to the local growing conditions and be capable of forming a thick, dense, turf cover at the desired mowing height. Unvegetated sand is not inherently stable and therefore it is imperative that grasses are utilized to withstand the rigors of play. Sand does however have incredible load bearing capacity and if a dense, uniform turf cover is maintained the sand-based system can provide a firm and uniform playing surface. 4.3 A successful sand-based rootzone system is dependent upon the proper selection of materials to use in the project. The proper selection of sand, organic amendments, soil, and gravel is of vital concern to the performance of the system. This standard guide addresses these issues. 4.3.1 During construction, consideration should be given to factors such as the physical and chemical properties of rootzone materials, surface and internal drainage as well as stones and other debris. 4.3.2 Maintenance practices that influence playability include mowing, irrigation, fertilization, and mechanical aeration. These factors are addressed in other standards (Guides F2060 , F2269 , and F2397 ). 4.4 Those responsible for the design, construction, or maintenance, or a combination thereof, of golf putting greens and tees will benefit from this guide. 4.5 A successful project development depends upon proper planning and upon the selection of and cooperation among design and construction team members. A sand-based putting green/tee rootzone project design team should include a golf course architect/designer, an agronomist or soil scientist, or both, and an owner’s design representative. Additions to the team during the construction phase should include an owner’s project manager (often an expansion of role for the owner’s design representative), an owner’s quality control agent (often the personnel that is employed in advance with the intent of becoming the finished project’s golf course superintendent/greenskeeper), an owner’s testing agent (often an expansion of roles for the project’s agronomist/soil scientist) and the contractor. 4.5.1 Planning for projects must be conducted well in advance of the intended construction date. Often this planning requires numerous meetings to create a calendar of events, schedule, approvals, assessments, performance criteria, quality control (QC) protocols, material sourcing, geotechnical reports, and construction budgets. Note 1: Other specifications on soils for golf green and putting green construction that have been published were considered during the development of this standard.