本幻灯片演示的目的是展示影响/导致低氯的因素 残差包括 氯胺， 水时代， 管道材料/状况，以及 硝化作用。本演示还介绍了两个案例研究，其中: 氯残留量低是一个问题； 扩展周期仿真（EPS）建模 用于评估水龄；和 空间分析（GIS）用于评估低氯 相对于管道材料的残余物。用于评估水质的参数包括: 水时代； 源迹； 管道材料和条件；和 系统运行。

The purpose of this slide presentation was to present factors affecting/resulting in low chlorine residuals including chloramines, water age, pipe material / condition, and nitrification. This presentation also presents two case studies where: low chlorine residuals were a problem; extended period simulation (EPS) modeling is used to evaluate water age; and, spatial analysis (GIS) is used to evaluate low chlorine residual relative to pipe material. Parameters used to assess water quality included: water age; source trace; pipe material and condition; and, system operation.