1.1 本试验方法包括在环境温度下测定单片高级陶瓷在单轴载荷下的抗拉强度。本试验方法涉及但不限于附录中列出的各种建议的试样几何形状。此外，还介绍了试样制造方法、测试模式（力、位移或应变控制）、测试速率（力率、应力率、位移率或应变率）、允许弯曲以及数据收集和报告程序。 请注意，本试验方法中使用的抗拉强度是指在单轴载荷下获得的抗拉强度。 1.2 该测试方法主要适用于宏观上表现出各向同性、均匀、连续行为的高级陶瓷。虽然这种测试方法主要适用于单片高级陶瓷，但某些晶须或颗粒增强复合陶瓷以及某些不连续纤维增强复合陶瓷也可能满足这些宏观行为假设。通常，连续纤维陶瓷复合材料（CFCC）在宏观上不会表现出各向同性、均匀、连续的行为，不建议将这种做法应用于这些材料。 1.3 本试验方法中表示的值符合国际单位制（SI）和 IEEE/asm SI 10 . 1.4 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如果有的话）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前建立适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 第节给出了具体的预防措施 7. . 1.5 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 =====意义和用途====== 4.1 该测试方法可用于材料开发、材料比较、质量保证、表征和设计数据生成。 4.2 高强度、单片先进陶瓷材料通常具有小晶粒尺寸（<50μm）和接近理论密度的堆积密度，是需要高耐磨性、耐腐蚀性和高温强度的承重结构应用的候选者。尽管弯曲试验方法通常用于评估先进陶瓷的强度，但弯曲试样的不均匀应力分布限制了材料在断裂时承受最大应力的体积。 单轴加载抗拉强度试验提供了更多体积均匀应力材料的强度极限缺陷信息。 4.3 尽管单个单轴加载拉伸试验中承受均匀拉伸应力的材料的体积或表面积可能是单个弯曲试样的几倍，但并不排除测试统计上显著数量的拉伸试样的需要。因此，由于脆性材料（如高级陶瓷）的概率强度分布，在每种测试条件下都需要足够数量的试样进行统计分析和最终设计，本测试方法中提供了足够数量的指导方针。 请注意，尺寸缩放效应如实践中所述 C1239 将影响强度值。因此，由于尺寸差异，使用具有不同体积或表面积的不同推荐拉伸试样在量规截面中获得的强度将有所不同。产生的强度值可以按比例缩放到有效体积或单位表面积，如实践中所述 C1239 . 4.4 拉伸试验提供了材料在单轴拉伸应力下的强度和变形信息。 需要均匀的应力状态来有效评估可能因测试模式、测试速率、加工或合金化效应或环境影响而产生的任何非线性应力-应变行为。这些影响可能是应力腐蚀或亚临界（缓慢）裂纹扩展的结果，可以通过以本试验方法中概述的适当快速的速率进行试验来最小化。 4.5 由特定材料或零件的选定部分或两者制成的标准尺寸试样的拉伸试验结果可能无法完全代表整个完整零件的强度和变形性能- 尺寸最终产品或其在不同环境中的使用行为。 4.6 出于质量控制的目的，从标准化拉伸试样中得出的结果可以被视为指示材料在给定的主要加工条件和后处理热处理下的反应。 4.7 陶瓷材料的抗拉强度取决于其固有的抗断裂性和缺陷的存在。尽管断裂面和断口分析超出了本试验方法的范围，但强烈建议用于所有目的，特别是设计数据。

1.1 This test method covers the determination of tensile strength under uniaxial loading of monolithic advanced ceramics at ambient temperatures. This test method addresses, but is not restricted to, various suggested test specimen geometries as listed in the appendixes. In addition, test specimen fabrication methods, testing modes (force, displacement, or strain control), testing rates (force rate, stress rate, displacement rate, or strain rate), allowable bending, and data collection and reporting procedures are addressed. Note that tensile strength as used in this test method refers to the tensile strength obtained under uniaxial loading. 1.2 This test method applies primarily to advanced ceramics that macroscopically exhibit isotropic, homogeneous, continuous behavior. While this test method applies primarily to monolithic advanced ceramics, certain whisker- or particle-reinforced composite ceramics as well as certain discontinuous fiber-reinforced composite ceramics may also meet these macroscopic behavior assumptions. Generally, continuous fiber ceramic composites (CFCCs) do not macroscopically exhibit isotropic, homogeneous, continuous behavior and application of this practice to these materials is not recommended. 1.3 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI 10 . 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7 . 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation. 4.2 High-strength, monolithic advanced ceramic materials generally characterized by small grain sizes (<50 μm) and bulk densities near the theoretical density are candidates for load-bearing structural applications requiring high degrees of wear and corrosion resistance and high temperature strength. Although flexural test methods are commonly used to evaluate strength of advanced ceramics, the nonuniform stress distribution of the flexure test specimen limits the volume of material subjected to the maximum applied stress at fracture. Uniaxially loaded tensile strength tests provide information on strength-limiting flaws from a greater volume of uniformly stressed material. 4.3 Although the volume or surface area of material subjected to a uniform tensile stress for a single uniaxially loaded tensile test may be several times that of a single flexure test specimen, the need to test a statistically significant number of tensile test specimens is not obviated. Therefore, because of the probabilistic strength distributions of brittle materials such as advanced ceramics, a sufficient number of test specimens at each testing condition is required for statistical analysis and eventual design, with guidelines for sufficient numbers provided in this test method. Note that size-scaling effects as discussed in Practice C1239 will affect the strength values. Therefore, strengths obtained using different recommended tensile test specimens with different volumes or surface areas of material in the gauge sections will be different due to these size differences. Resulting strength values can be scaled to an effective volume or surface area of unity as discussed in Practice C1239 . 4.4 Tensile tests provide information on the strength and deformation of materials under uniaxial tensile stresses. Uniform stress states are required to effectively evaluate any nonlinear stress-strain behavior which may develop as the result of testing mode, testing rate, processing or alloying effects, or environmental influences. These effects may be consequences of stress corrosion or subcritical (slow) crack growth, which can be minimized by testing at appropriately rapid rates as outlined in this test method. 4.5 The results of tensile tests of test specimens fabricated to standardized dimensions from a particular material or selected portions, or both, of a part may not totally represent the strength and deformation properties of the entire, full-size end product or its in-service behavior in different environments. 4.6 For quality control purposes, results derived from standardized tensile test specimens can be considered to be indicative of the response of the material from which they were taken for given primary processing conditions and post-processing heat treatments. 4.7 The tensile strength of a ceramic material is dependent on both its inherent resistance to fracture and the presence of flaws. Analysis of fracture surfaces and fractography, though beyond the scope of this test method, is highly recommended for all purposes, especially for design data.