1.1 本文件在数据质量目标或其他规划过程确定的要求范围内，为废物管理采样活动中样本设计的选择和优化提供了实用指南。 1.2 本文件( 1. )为抽样设计的选择提供指导；( 2. )概述优化候选设计的技术；和( 3. )描述了在选择最终优化设计时需要平衡的变量。 1.3 本指南的内容按章节安排如下: 1. . 范围 2. . 参考文件 3. . 术语 4. . 意义和用途 5. . 指南摘要 6. . 影响抽样设计选择的因素 6.1 抽样设计性能特征 6.2 监管注意事项 6.3 项目目标 6.4 现场知识 6.5 物理样本问题 6.6 与实验室的沟通 6.7 分析周转时间 6.8 分析方法约束 6.9 健康与安全 6.10 预算/成本考虑 6.11 代表性 7. . 初始设计选择 8. . 优化标准 9 . 优化过程 9.2 设计方案的实际评估 9.3 统计和成本评估 10 . 最终选择 附件A1 抽样设计的类型 A1.1 常用的抽样设计 A1.2 抽样设计工具 A1.3 组合样本设计 附录X1 . 其他参考资料 附录X2 . 基于方差和成本选择分析方法 附录X3 . 计算样本数:统计处理 1.4 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。 本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.5 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 4.1 本指南的预期用途是为开发优化的采样设计提供实际帮助。本标准描述或讨论了: 4.1.1 抽样设计选择标准， 4.1.2 影响抽样设计选择的因素， 4.1.3 抽样设计的选择， 4.1.4 优化候选设计的技术，以及 4.1.5 评估优化抽样设计的标准。 4.2 在正式的美国环保局数据生成活动中，规划过程或数据质量目标（DQOs）开发是第一步。 第二和第三部分是抽样和分析设计的实施以及数据质量评估。在DQO规划过程中，抽样设计的选择和优化是最后一步，因此是DQO过程的顶点。DQO规划过程中的上述步骤涉及: 4.2.1 需要解决的问题， 4.2.2 可能的决定， 4.2.3 数据输入和相关活动， 4.2.4 研究的界限， 4.2.5 制定决策规则，以及 4.2.6 指定了决策错误的限制。 4.3 本指南的目的不是解决项目目标制定规划过程的各个方面。然而，在选择和优化样本设计之前，必须概述项目目标并将其传达给设计团队。 4.4 本指南参考了规划和实施过程的统计方面，并包括一个附录，用于对给定抽样设计的最佳样本数进行统计计算。 4. 5. 本指南适用于负责就环境废物管理活动做出决策的人员。

1.1 This document provides practical guidance on the selection and optimization of sample designs in waste management sampling activities, within the context of the requirements established by the data quality objectives or other planning process. 1.2 This document ( 1 ) provides guidance for selection of sampling designs; ( 2 ) outlines techniques to optimize candidate designs; and ( 3 ) describes the variables that need to be balanced in choosing the final optimized design. 1.3 The contents of this guide are arranged by section as follows: 1 . Scope 2 . Referenced Documents 3 . Terminology 4 . Significance and Use 5 . Summary of Guide 6 . Factors Affecting Sampling Design Selection 6.1 Sampling Design Performance Characteristics 6.2 Regulatory Considerations 6.3 Project Objectives 6.4 Knowledge of the Site 6.5 Physical Sample Issues 6.6 Communication with the Laboratory 6.7 Analytical Turn Around Time 6.8 Analytical Method Constraints 6.9 Health and Safety 6.10 Budget/Cost Considerations 6.11 Representativeness 7 . Initial Design Selection 8 . Optimization Criteria 9 . Optimization Process 9.2 Practical Evaluation of Design Alternatives 9.3 Statistical and Cost Evaluation 10 . Final Selection Annex A1 Types of Sampling Designs A1.1 Commonly Used Sampling Designs A1.2 Sampling Design Tools A1.3 Combination Sample Designs Appendix X1 . Additional References Appendix X2 . Choosing Analytical Method Based on Variance and Cost Appendix X3 . Calculating the Number of Samples: A Statistical Treatment 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 The intended use of this guide is to provide practical assistance in the development of an optimized sampling design. This standard describes or discusses: 4.1.1 Sampling design selection criteria, 4.1.2 Factors impacting the choice of a sampling design, 4.1.3 Selection of a sampling design, 4.1.4 Techniques for optimizing candidate designs, and 4.1.5 The criteria for evaluating an optimized sampling design. 4.2 Within a formal USEPA data generation activity, the planning process or data quality objectives (DQOs) development is the first step. The second and third are the implementation of the sampling and analysis design and the data quality assessment. Within the DQO planning process, the selection and optimization of the sampling design is the last step, and therefore, the culmination of the DQO process. The preceding steps in the DQO planning process address: 4.2.1 The problem that needs to be addressed, 4.2.2 The possible decisions, 4.2.3 The data input and associated activities, 4.2.4 The boundaries of the study, 4.2.5 The development of decision rules, and 4.2.6 The specified the limits on decision error. 4.3 This guide is not intended to address the aspects of the planning process for development of the project objectives. However, the project objectives must be outlined and communicated to the design team, prior to the selection and optimization of the sample design. 4.4 This guide references statistical aspects of the planning and implementation process and includes an appendix for the statistical calculation of the optimum number of samples for a given sampling design. 4.5 This guide is intended for those who are responsible for making decisions about environmental waste management activities.