研究了一种用于寒冷气候下供暖的多源热泵。热泵有四种运行模式:两种太阳能源模式、环境空气源模式和一种存储源模式。由制冷剂12冷却的太阳能收集器用作热泵的蒸发器。如果不需要加热，收集的太阳能被用于加热空间空气或水存储。在低太阳辐射和夜间，环境空气通过收集器循环，收集器用作蒸发器，从环境空气中提取热量。回火热交换器与储热蒸发器串联使用，使热泵能够吸热。当储存水加热到高温时，在稳定的操作条件下。太阳能源模式的最低集热器效率为0。 5环境温度低至-10°F（23°C）。在0°F（18°C）的环境温度下，空气源模式以85 Btuh/ft²（268瓦/m²）的净正面收集器面积的最小输出运行。将储水器加热至125°F（52°C），并冷却至42°F（5°C）。需要注意的是，在制冷剂流速较低的情况下，即使当膨胀阀控制的位置处制冷剂的时间平均温度高于饱和温度时，该位置处的制冷剂实际上是湿的。在根据实验数据计算收集器吸收的能量时，应考虑这一可能条件。引文:ASHRAE Transactions，1983年，第89卷，pt。华盛顿特区2A。

A multiple-source heat pump for heating in cold climates has been investigated. The heat pump had four modes of operation: two solar-source modes, and ambient-air-source mode, and a storage-source mode. Solar collectors cooled by Refrigerant 12 served as the evaporator for the heat pump. The solar energy collected was used to heat space air or water storage if heating was not required. During periods of low solar radiation and at night, ambient air was circulated through the collectors, which served as the evaporator to extract heat from the ambient air.A tempering heat exchanger was used in series with the storage evaporator to enable the heat pump to extract heat. Under stable operating conditions when the storage water was heated to a high temperature.The solar-source mode operated with minimum collector efficiencies of 0.5 at ambient temperatures as low as -10°F (–23°C). The air-source mode operated with a minimum output of 85 Btuh/ft2(268 Watts/m2) of net frontal collector area at an ambient temperature of 0°F (–18°C). The water storage was heated to 125°F (52°C) and cooled to 42°F (5°C).It was noted that at low refrigerant flow rates even when the time-averaged temperature of the refrigerant at the location controlled by the expansion valve was higher than the saturation temperature, the refrigerant at this location was actually wet. This possible condition should be taken into account in calculating from experimental data the energy absorbed by collectors.