1.1 这些数字参考图像说明了锡青铜和相关合金铸件中出现的各种不连续的类别、类型和严重程度。数字参考图像是本文件的附件，如有必要，必须从ASTM International单独购买（见第节） 2. ). 由这些数字参考图像表示的每种不连续类型的类别和严重程度如所述 1.2 . 注1: 这些参考图像的应用基础需要事先获得买方-供应商关于第节所述射线照相检查属性和分类标准的协议 4. , 6. 和 7. 符合本标准。 1.2 这些数字参考图像由22 2组成 1. / 2. 5之前 1. / 2. -在中。（63.5×139.7-mm）最初用低压X射线曝光的标称尺寸复制品。这些图像中有15张是用1英寸制作的。（25.4 mm）平板铸件和七个（夹砂、嵌件、小冠）用 3. / 4. -在中。最初为250-537-1和-2型导航船衍生的平板铸件。1英寸。平板铸件涉及气孔、线性收缩和羽状收缩不连续类型。原始射线照片显示了砂型铸造88:8:4 Cu-Sn-Zn，“G”型青铜合金板中的不连续性，代表了在大凝固范围铜中发现的不连续性- 锡基合金。本标准附加数字参考图像的类别、类型和严重程度如所示 1.2.1 到 1.2.5 : 1.2.1 A类- 气体孔隙度；厚度小于等于2英寸的严重性等级为1至5级。（50.8毫米）。 1.2.2 B类- 砂包裹体；厚度小于等于2英寸的严重性等级为1至5级。（50.8毫米）。 1.2.3 C类- 收缩两种类型: 1.2.3.1 加利福尼亚州- 线性收缩；厚度小于等于2英寸的严重性等级为1至5级。（50.8毫米）。 1.2.3.2 Cd- 羽毛状和海绵状收缩（参见 注释2 ); 厚度小于等于2英寸的严重性等级为1至5级。 （50.8毫米）。 注2: 羽状收缩不连续类型用于说明羽状或海绵状收缩不连续类型的骨料严重程度（参见 5.1 ). 1.2.4 D类- 热撕裂；一个插图。 1.2.5 E类- 插入件、小冠；一个插图。 1.3 本标准的所有方面可能需要经认可的工程组织和供应商之间的协议，或经认可的工程组织的具体指示。这些项目应在采购订单或合同中说明。 1.4 这些数字参考图像并非旨在说明在进行胶片射线照相时锡青铜铸件中发现的不连续类型和程度。 如果对锡青铜铸件进行胶片射线照相，请参阅参考射线照片 E310 . 1.5 只有软件和图像的许可副本才能用于生产检查。ASTM/用户许可协议的副本应存档以供审计之用（见 附注3 ). 注3: 数字参考图像由一组数字图像文件、加载所需格式的软件和加载过程的特定说明组成。22幅参考图像说明了四类梯度不连续性( 1.2.1 （气体孔隙度）， 1.2.2 （含砂）， 1.2.3.1 （线性收缩），以及 1.2.3.2 （羽状收缩））和两类未分级的不连续性( 1.2.4 （热撕裂）和 1.2.5 （插入物））并包含阶梯楔的图像。可从ASTM国际总部获得，订单号:RRE3185。 1.6 单位- 以英寸-磅为单位的数值应视为标准值。括号中给出的值是到国际单位制的数学转换，仅供参考，不被视为标准值。 1.7 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.8 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 4.1 锡青铜和相关合金铸件的参考图像旨在作为识别常见不连续性及其类型和严重程度差异的指南。对这些合金最常见的不连续类型进行了说明。 为了便于参考，典型铸造不连续性和相应图像指示类型的描述包含在第节中 5. . 买方和供应商可通过相互协议选择特定的不连续性类别（见 1.2 )作为代表最低可接受水平的标准（见第 6. 和 7. ). 4.2 当确定适用于铸造服务应用时，本标准代表的参考图像可用于本标准范围外的能级、厚度或两者，如买方-供应商协议中约定。部分 9 解决可能需要补焊的买方供应商要求。 4.3 第节规定了使用本标准适用参考图像评估生产图像的程序 8. ; 然而，可能存在涉及特定铸造服务应用的制造买方问题，在这些应用中可能需要修改或更改此类要求。如果此类修改可能适用于铸造应用，则所有此类变更应在买方-供应商协议或合同文件中注明。 4.4 以下ASTM规范说明了这些标准涵盖的合金；然而，这些参考图像也适用于相关的政府和商业材料规范: 阀门青铜铸件 B61型 A. 成分青铜或盎司金属铸件 B62 B 锡青铜砂铸件 B584 铅红黄铜砂铸件 B584 铜基合金离心铸件（如适用） B271型 （A） 类似于MIL-B-16541。 （B） 类似于MIL-B-16444。

1.1 These digital reference images illustrate various categories, types and severity levels of discontinuities occurring in tin bronze and related alloy castings. The digital reference images are an adjunct to this document and must be purchased separately from ASTM International if needed (see Section 2 ). Categories and severity levels for each discontinuity type represented by these digital reference images are described in 1.2 . Note 1: The basis of application for these reference images requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination attributes and classification criterion described in Sections 4 , 6 , and 7 of this standard. 1.2 These digital reference images consist of 22 2 1 / 2 by 5 1 / 2 -in. (63.5 by 139.7-mm) nominal size reproductions originally exposed with low voltage X-rays. Fifteen of these images were produced with 1 in. (25.4 mm) plate castings and seven (sand inclusions, inserts, chaplets) were produced with 3 / 4 -in. plate castings originally derived for NAVSHIPS 250-537-1 and -2. The 1-in. plate castings address gas porosity, linear shrinkage, and feathery shrinkage discontinuity types. The original radiographs illustrate discontinuities in sand cast 88:8:4 Cu-Sn-Zn, “G” type, bronze alloy plates and are representative of those found in wide solidification range copper-tin base alloys. The categories, types and severity levels for the adjunct digital reference images of this standard are shown in 1.2.1 to 1.2.5 : 1.2.1 Category A— Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5 for thicknesses up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm). 1.2.2 Category B— Sand inclusions; severity levels 1 through 5 for thicknesses up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm). 1.2.3 Category C— Shrinkage; two types: 1.2.3.1 Ca— Linear shrinkage; severity levels 1 through 5 for thicknesses up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm). 1.2.3.2 Cd— Feathery and spongy shrinkage (see Note 2 ); severity levels 1 through 5 for thicknesses up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm). Note 2: The feathery shrinkage discontinuity type is used to illustrate aggregate severity levels for either feathery or spongy shrinkage discontinuity types (see 5.1 ). 1.2.4 Category D— Hot tear; one illustration. 1.2.5 Category E— Inserts, chaplets; one illustration. 1.3 All areas of this standard may be subject to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order or the contract. 1.4 These digital reference images are not intended to illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found in tin bronze castings when performing film radiography. If performing film radiography of tin bronze castings, refer to Reference Radiographs E310 . 1.5 Only licensed copies of the software and images shall be utilized for production examination. A copy of the ASTM/User license agreement shall be kept on file for audit purposes (see Note 3 ). Note 3: The digital reference images consist of a set of digital image files, software to load the desired format, and specific instructions on the loading process. The 22 reference images illustrate four categories of graded discontinuities ( 1.2.1 (Gas porosity), 1.2.2 (Sand inclusion), 1.2.3.1 (Linear shrinkage), and 1.2.3.2 (Feathery shrinkage)) and two categories of ungraded discontinuities ( 1.2.4 (Hot tear) and 1.2.5 (Inserts)) and contain an image of a step wedge. Available from ASTM International Headquarters, Order No: RRE3185. 1.6 Units— The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 Reference images for tin bronze and related alloy castings are intended to be used as a guide to the recognition of common discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and severity level. Discontinuity types most common to these alloys are illustrated. For reference, descriptions of typical casting discontinuities and corresponding image indication types are contained in Section 5 . Purchasers and suppliers may, by mutual agreement, select particular discontinuity categories (see 1.2 ) to serve as standards representing minimum levels of acceptability (see Sections 6 and 7 ). 4.2 Reference images represented by this standard may be used, as agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement, for energy levels, thicknesses, or both, outside the range of this standard when determined applicable for the casting service application. Section 9 addresses purchaser supplier requisites where weld repairs may be required. 4.3 Procedures for evaluation of production images using applicable reference images of this standard are prescribed in Section 8 ; however, there may be manufacturing-purchaser issues involving specific casting service applications where it may be appropriate to modify or alter such requirements. Where such modifications may be appropriate for the casting application, all such changes shall be called-out in the purchaser supplier agreement or contractual document. 4.4 The following ASTM specifications illustrate alloys covered by these standards; however, it is intended that these reference images also apply to related government and commercial material specifications: Valve bronze castings B61 A Composition bronze or ounce metal castings B62 B Tin bronze sand castings B584 Leaded red brass sand castings B584 Copper-base alloy centrifugal castings (as applicable) B271 (A) Similar to MIL-B-16541. (B) Similar to MIL-B-16444.