1.1 本指南介绍了各种直推式地下水监测井，并为其选择和安装提供了指导，以获取具有代表性的地下水样本和监测地下水位高程。直推井被广泛用于监测松散地层中的地下水质量。本指南还包括一些地下水取样装置的讨论，这些装置可以永久安置为监测井。 1.2 本指南不涉及使用指南中介绍的直接推动式水采样器对地下水进行单次事件采样 D6001/D6001M .本指南中的方法通常与其他试验一起使用，如直接推土取样（指南 D6282/D6282M )和圆锥贯入仪试验（指南 D6067/D6067米 ). 该指南未涉及通过旋转钻井或声波钻井方法（如《实践》中介绍的方法）安装监测井 D5092/D5092米 。指南涵盖了从监测井中获取地下水样本的技术 D4448 , D7929 ，和实践 D6771 实践 D6725/D6725米 使用预填充筛网解决直接推压井问题。 1.3 直推式地下水监测井的安装仅限于松散土壤和沉积物，包括粘土、淤泥、沙子以及一些砾石和鹅卵石。在某些地下条件下，渗透可能会受到限制，或者设备可能会损坏；其中一些在中进行了讨论 5.5 。本指南中的信息仅限于饱和区的地下水监测。 1.4 括号中以英寸磅单位或国际单位表示的数值应单独视为标准。每个系统中规定的值可能不是完全相等的；因此，每个系统应独立使用。将两个系统的值合并可能导致不符合标准。 1.5 所有观测值和计算值应符合实践中制定的有效数字和四舍五入指南 D6026 ，除非被本标准取代。 1.6 本指南提供了有组织的信息收集或一系列选项，不建议采取具体行动。本文件不能取代教育或经验，应与专业判断结合使用。并非本指南的所有方面都适用于所有情况。本ASTM标准并不代表或取代必须判断给定专业服务是否充分的护理标准，也不应在不考虑项目许多独特方面的情况下应用本文件。本文件标题中的“标准”一词仅表示该文件已通过ASTM共识程序批准。 1.6.1 本指南并不旨在全面解决与监测井安装相关的所有方法和问题。用户应寻求合格专业人员的意见，以选择适合其现场条件的合适设备和方法。 其他方法也可用于监测井的安装，合格的专业人员应能够灵活地对本指南未涵盖的替代方案进行判断。本指南中所述的做法在发布时是最新的；然而，在修订之前，可能会有新的、替代的和创新的方法。因此，用户应在指定程序要求之前咨询制造商或生产商。 1.7 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.8 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 5.1 直接推土法是一种快速、经济的安装地下水监测井的方法，用于获取具有代表性的地下水样本和特定位置的水文地质测量结果。与传统的旋转钻井监测井相比，直推式装置可能具有优势（实践 D5092/D5092米 )用于疏松地层中的地下水勘探，因为它们减少了对地层的干扰，并消除或最大限度地减少了钻屑。在存在受污染土壤的设施中，这可以减少操作员、当地人员和环境的危险暴露，并可以减少调查衍生废物。此外，可以使用较小的设备进行安装，从而更好地进入狭窄的位置。 5.2 直推式监测井的直径通常小于钻井，从而减少了冲洗水量、采样时间和调查衍生废物。 实践 D5092/D5092米 当需要更大的直径和/或样品体积时，或者在难以安装直推井的深度或地质地层中使用监测井。直推式监测井应可用于多年监测。 5.3 在建造和安装直推井或任何其他类型的地下水井之前，读者应咨询适当的当地机构，了解水井建造的监管要求。安装直推监测井可能需要监管差异。 5.4 迄今为止，已发表的钻探监测井和直推监测井之间的比较研究显示了可比性 ( 1. 10 ) 4. 然而，与传统旋转钻井相比，直接推压监测井的选择应基于几个标准，如场地可及性和渗透性、地层结构、地下水深度和含水层透射率。 5.5 安装具有直接推动设备的地下水监测井的典型穿透深度取决于许多变量。其中一些变量是驱动系统的尺寸和类型、驱动杆和监测井的直径以及被穿透的土材料的电阻。一些直接推动系统能够将地下水监测井安装到超过100英尺[30米]的深度，而更大的直接推动设备可以达到几百英尺的深度。然而，最常见的安装深度为10至50英尺[5至15米]。直接推动法不能用于在固结基岩（例如花岗岩、石灰石、片麻岩）中安装监测井，而是用于在粘土、淤泥、沙子和一些砾石等松散材料中安装。此外，含有大量鹅卵石和巨砾的沉积物（例如，一些冰川沉积物），或强胶结材料（例如，钙质粘土），可能会阻碍或阻止渗透到所需的监测深度。 5.6 对于提供准确地下水监测结果的直接推动方法，必须采取预防措施，以确保不会发生“涂抹”或“向下拖动”（即将浅层污染推向更深的水平）造成的交叉污染，并且不会在原本孤立的含水层之间建立水力连接。与常规旋转钻井作业中采用的预防措施相似（指南 D6286/D6286米 )应遵守。 5.7 尚未对钻井监测井和直接推压监测井之间的密封效果进行决定性的比较。与已钻探的监测井一样，必须谨慎使用密封方法才能有效。封井技术研究 ( 11 ) 已经表明膨润土密封在地下水位以上是无效的，并且如果使用膨润土灌浆，则需要至少20%的固体。 5.8 直接推压监测井与传统旋转钻井监测井的选择应基于许多问题。 必须根据具体的现场条件考虑多种可用类型的驱动设备和井系统的优点和缺点。具体的井系统和部件以及直推驱动设备在第节中进行了描述 7. . 5.9 优势: 5.9.1 与许多传统钻井技术相比，侵入性最小，对自然地层条件的干扰更小。 5.9.2 快速且经济。 5.9.3 更小的设备，更容易进入许多位置。 5.9.4 使用较短的滤网可以消除多个含水层之间的连接，提供比长井滤网更好的水质垂直清晰度。较短的筛网在识别非均质地层条件下的污染区方面也更有效。 5.9.5 很少或可能不会产生受污染的钻屑。 5.9.6 劳动密集度低于大多数传统钻井技术。 5.10 缺点: 5.10.1 不能用于在固结基岩和含有大量鹅卵石和巨石的沉积物中安装监测设备。 5.10.2 小直径立管和滤网限制了可用于吹扫和取样的井下设备的选择。 5.10.3 如果采用重力装砂，在小的环形空间内装砂很困难。 5.10.4 除非使用适当设计的设备，否则难以在同一环形空间内安装灌浆。 注1: 本标准产生的结果的质量取决于执行该标准的人员的能力以及所用设备和设施的适用性。符合实践标准的机构 D3740 通常被认为有能力进行合格和客观的测试/取样/检查等。本标准的用户应注意遵守实践 D3740 其本身不能保证可靠的结果。可靠的结果取决于许多因素；实践 D3740 提供了评估其中一些因素的方法。 实践 D3740 是为从事土壤和岩石实验室测试和/或检查的机构开发的。 因此，它并不完全适用于从事这一实地工作的机构。然而，该实践的使用者应认识到，实践的框架 D3740 适用于评估执行此做法的机构的质量。目前还没有已知的合格的国家当局来检查执行这种做法的机构。

1.1 This guide describes various direct push groundwater monitoring wells and provides guidance on their selection and installation for obtaining representative groundwater samples and monitoring water table elevations. Direct push wells are used extensively for monitoring groundwater quality in unconsolidated formations. This guide also includes discussion of some groundwater sampling devices which can be permanently emplaced as monitoring wells. 1.2 This guide does not address the single event sampling of groundwater using direct push water samplers as presented in Guide D6001/D6001M . The methods in this guide are often used with other tests such as direct push soil sampling (Guide D6282/D6282M ) and the cone penetrometer test (Guide D6067/D6067M ). The guide does not address the installation of monitoring wells by rotary drilling or sonic drilling methods such as those presented in Practice D5092/D5092M . Techniques for obtaining groundwater samples from monitoring wells are covered in Guides D4448 , D7929 , and Practice D6771 . Practice D6725/D6725M addresses direct push wells using pre-packed screens. 1.3 The installation of direct push groundwater monitoring wells is limited to unconsolidated soils and sediments including clays, silts, sands, and some gravels and cobbles. Penetration may be limited, or damage may occur to equipment, in certain subsurface conditions; some of which are discussed in 5.5 . Information in this guide is limited to groundwater monitoring in the saturated zone. 1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units presented in brackets are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026 , unless superseded by this standard. 1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgement. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process. 1.6.1 This guide does not purport to comprehensively address all of the methods and issues associated with monitoring well installation. Users should seek input from qualified professionals for the selection of proper equipment and methods that would be the most successful for their site conditions. Other methods may be available for monitoring well installation, and qualified professionals should have flexibility to exercise judgement concerning alternatives not covered in this guide. The practice described in this guide is current at the time of issue; however, new, alternative, and innovative methods may become available prior to revisions. Therefore, users should consult with manufacturers or producers prior to specifying program requirements. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 The direct push ground method is a rapid and economical procedure for installing groundwater monitoring wells to obtain representative groundwater samples and location-specific hydrogeologic measurements. Direct push installations may offer an advantage over conventional rotary drilled monitoring wells (Practice D5092/D5092M ) for groundwater explorations in unconsolidated formations because they reduce disturbance to the formation, and eliminate or minimize drill cuttings. At facilities where contaminated soils are present, this can reduce hazard exposure for operators, local personnel, and the environment, and can reduce investigative derived wastes. Additionally, smaller equipment can be used for installation, providing better access to constricted locations. 5.2 Direct push monitoring wells are typically smaller in diameter than drilled wells, thereby reducing purge water volumes, sampling time, and investigative derived wastes. Practice D5092/D5092M monitoring wells are used when larger diameters and/or sample volumes are required, or at depths or in geologic formations to where it is difficult to install direct push wells. Direct push monitoring wells should be viable for monitoring for many years. 5.3 Prior to construction and installation of a direct push well or any other type of groundwater well the reader should consult appropriate local agencies regarding regulatory requirements for well construction. A regulatory variance may be required for installation of direct push monitoring wells. 5.4 To date, published comparison studies between drilled monitoring wells and direct push monitoring wells have shown comparability ( 1- 10 ) 4 . However, selection of direct push monitoring wells over conventional rotary drilled wells should be based on several criteria, such as site accessibility and penetrability, stratigraphic structure, depth to groundwater, and aquifer transmissivity. 5.5 Typical penetration depths for installation of groundwater monitoring wells with direct push equipment depend on many variables. Some of the variables are the size and type of the driving system, diameter of the drive rods and monitoring well, and the resistance of the earth materials being penetrated. Some direct push systems are capable of installing groundwater monitoring wells to depths in excess of 100 ft [30 m], and larger direct push equipment can reach depths of several hundred feet. However, installation depths of 10 to 50 ft [5 to 15 m] are most common. Direct push methods cannot be used to install monitoring wells in consolidated bedrock (for example, granite, limestone, gneiss), but are intended for installation in unconsolidated materials such as clays, silts, sands, and some gravels. Additionally, deposits containing significant cobbles and boulders (for example, some glacial deposits), or strongly cemented materials (for example, caliche) are likely to hinder or prevent penetration to the desired monitoring depth. 5.6 For direct push methods to provide accurate groundwater monitoring results, precautions must be taken to ensure that cross-contamination by “smearing” or “drag-down” (that is, driving shallow contamination to deeper levels) does not occur, and that hydraulic connections between otherwise isolated water bearing strata are not created. Similar precautions as those applied during conventional rotary drilling operations (Guide D6286/D6286M ) should be followed. 5.7 There have been no conclusive comparisons of effectiveness of sealing between drilled monitoring wells and direct push monitoring wells. As with drilled monitoring wells, sealing methods must be carefully applied to be effective. Research on well sealing ( 11 ) has shown that bentonite seals are not effective above the water table and that if used bentonite grout requires a minimum of 20 % solids. 5.8 Selection of direct push monitoring wells versus conventional rotary drilled monitoring wells should be based on many issues. The advantages and disadvantages of the many available types of driving equipment and well systems must be considered with regard to the specific site conditions. Specific well systems and components, as well as direct push driving equipment, are described in Section 7 . 5.9 Advantages: 5.9.1 Minimally intrusive and less disturbance of the natural formation conditions than many conventional drilling techniques. 5.9.2 Rapid and economical. 5.9.3 Smaller equipment with easier access to many locations. 5.9.4 Use of shorter screens can eliminate connections between multiple aquifers providing better vertical definition of water quality than long well screens. Shorter screens are also more effective at identifying contaminated zones in heterogeneous formation conditions. 5.9.5 Generates little or potentially no contaminated drill cuttings. 5.9.6 Less labor intensive than most conventional drilling techniques. 5.10 Disadvantages: 5.10.1 Cannot be used to install monitoring devices in consolidated bedrock and deposits containing significant cobbles and boulders. 5.10.2 Small diameter risers and screens limit the selection of useable down-hole equipment for purging and sampling. 5.10.3 Difficulty installing sand pack in small annular space if gravity installation of sand pack is used. 5.10.4 Difficulty installing grout in same annular space unless appropriately designed equipment is used. Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors. Practice D3740 was developed for agencies engaged in the laboratory testing and/or inspection of soils and rock. As such, it is not totally applicable to agencies performing this field practice. However, user of this practice should recognize that the framework of Practice D3740 is appropriate for evaluating the quality of an agency performing this practice. Currently there is no known qualifying national authority that inspects agencies that perform this practice.