1.1 本指南介绍了使用放射源的核仪器效率校准的数据分析。它包括校准参数的计算、其不确定性和协变量的评估和使用，以及校准数据的异常值和整体不拟合测试。它还提供了总结和报告校准结果的指南。 1.2 假设仪器计数效率与辐射发射率无关。 1.3 为单点校准和校准曲线提供了指导。 1.4 该指南假定存在测量不确定度模型，为校准数据提供统计加权因子。 1.5 本指南不包括涉及基于物理的计算机模拟的校准。 1.6 未指定本指南的单位制。 指南中的尺寸数量仅作为计算方法的说明。这些例子对所处理的产品或测试方法没有约束力。 1.7 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.8 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 5. 1. 本指南中描述的数学和统计技术支持实施规程的校准要求 D7282 以及指南中给出的不确定性分析指南 D8293 该指南旨在供放射分析实验室的合格专家或核仪器校准软件的开发人员使用。 5.2 单点校准的应用可能包括: 5.2.1 阿尔法粒子光谱法， 5.2.2 用于衰减可忽略不计的薄源的气体比例计数器，以及 5.2.3 用于单个核素的伽马射线光谱仪。 5.3 LLS确定的校准曲线的应用可能包括: 5.3.1 气体比例计数器的质量衰减曲线（多项式），以及 5.3.2 液体闪烁计数器的淬火校准曲线（多项式）。 5.4 NLLS确定的校准曲线的应用可能包括: 5.4.1 跨越一系列伽马射线能量的伽马射线光谱法， 5.4.2 气体比例计数器的质量衰减曲线，以及 5.4.3 液体闪烁计数器的淬火校准曲线。 5.5 尽管本指南侧重于核仪器的效率校准，但只要校准数据有有效的不确定性模型，同样的一般原则和范式应适用于其他类型的校准和其他仪器。

1.1 This guide describes data analysis for efficiency calibrations of nuclear instruments using radioactive sources. It includes the calculation of the calibration parameters, evaluation and use of their uncertainties and covariances, and testing of the calibration data for outliers and overall lack of fit. It also provides guidelines for summarizing and reporting the results of a calibration. 1.2 The instrument counting efficiency is assumed to be independent of the radiation emission rate. 1.3 Guidance is provided for both single-point calibrations and calibration curves. 1.4 The guidance presumes the existence of measurement uncertainty models to provide statistical weighting factors for the calibration data. 1.5 This guide does not cover calibrations involving physically-based computer simulations. 1.6 The system of units for this guide is not specified. Dimensional quantities in the guide are presented only as illustrations of calculation methods. The examples are not binding on products or test methods treated. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 The mathematical and statistical techniques described in this guide support implementation of the calibration requirements of Practice D7282 and the guidance for uncertainty analysis given in Guide D8293 . The guidance is intended for use either by qualified specialists at a radioanalytical laboratory or by developers of software for calibration of nuclear instruments. 5.2 Applications for single-point calibrations might include: 5.2.1 Alpha-particle spectrometry, 5.2.2 Gas proportional counters used for thin sources with negligible attenuation, and 5.2.3 Gamma-ray spectrometers used for single nuclides. 5.3 Applications for calibration curves determined by LLS might include: 5.3.1 Mass attenuation curves for gas proportional counters (polynomial), and 5.3.2 Quench calibration curves for liquid scintillation counters (polynomial). 5.4 Applications for calibration curves determined by NLLS might include: 5.4.1 Gamma-ray spectrometry across a range of gamma-ray energies, 5.4.2 Mass attenuation curves for gas proportional counters, and 5.4.3 Quench calibration curves for liquid scintillation counters. 5.5 Although this guide focuses on efficiency calibrations for nuclear instruments, the same general principles and paradigms should apply to other types of calibrations and to other instruments, as long as there are valid uncertainty models for the calibration data.