在这项研究中，最初的微生物沉积机制 采用直接显微镜观察技术对纳滤膜进行了研究。研究了膜表面性质所起的作用，并分析了膜表面电位 研究了减少初始微生物粘附的改性方法。 介绍了直接显微观察技术，以及膜和微生物特性、表面能分析和膜污染倾向预测。包括17个参考文献、表格、图表。

In this study, mechanisms of initial microbial deposition onto nanofiltration membranes are studied using the direct microscopic observation technique. The role played by membrane surface properties is studied and potential surface modification methods to reduce the initial microbial adhesion are examined. The direct microscopic observation technique is described along with membrane and microbe characterization, surface energetic analysis, and prediction of membrane fouling propensity. Includes 17 references, tables, figures.