1.1 本指南涵盖了可用于校准地下水流动模型的技术。模型校准是匹配历史数据的过程，通常是使用模型进行预测的先决条件。 1.2 校准是将地下水建模代码应用于现场特定问题的一个阶段（见指南） D5447 ). 校准是细化水文地质框架、水力特性和边界条件的模型表示的过程，以在模型模拟和地下水流动系统观测之间达到所需的对应程度。 1.3 流量模型通常使用手动（试错）方法或自动（反向）方法进行校准。本指南介绍了使用这两种方法校准流量模型的一些技术。 1.4 本指南用于校准饱和多孔介质（连续介质）地下水流动模型。 然而，这些技术经过适当修改后，可以应用于其他类型的相关地下水模型，例如多相模型、非连续（岩溶或裂隙流）模型或质量传输模型。 1.5 指导 D5447 介绍了将地下水建模代码应用于现场特定问题时应采取的步骤。校准就是其中一个步骤。还制定了其他环境建模标准，如指南 D5490 , D5609 , D5610 , D5611 , D5718 ，并练习 E978 . 1.6 单位- 以国际单位制或英寸-磅单位（括号中给出）表示的值应单独视为标准值。每个系统中规定的值可能不是精确的等效值；因此，每个系统应相互独立。将两个系统的值合并可能会导致不符合标准。 1.7 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。 本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.8 本指南提供了有组织的信息收集或一系列选项，并不推荐具体的行动方案。本文件不能取代教育或经验，应与专业判断一起使用。并非本指南的所有方面都适用于所有情况。本ASTM标准不代表或取代必须根据其判断给定专业服务的充分性的谨慎标准，也不应在不考虑项目的许多独特方面的情况下应用本文件。本文件标题中的“标准”一词仅表示该文件已通过ASTM共识程序获得批准。 1.9 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 5.1 大多数特定于现场的地下水流动模型在用于预测之前必须进行校准。在这些情况下，校准是对模型预测有信心的必要条件，但不是充分条件。 5.2 通常，在校准过程中，很明显，土壤或岩石的水力特性没有实际值，这将允许模型重现校准目标。在这些情况下，可能需要重新访问现场的概念模型，或者可能需要修改模型的构造。此外，可能需要重新检查用于确定校准目标的数据的来源和质量。例如，建模过程有时可以识别以前未检测到的测量误差，这将导致不准确的水头目标。 5.3 本指南并非对地下水流动模型校准技术的不灵活描述； 可以酌情应用其他技术，并且在适当考虑之后，可以省略、更改或增强本文中的一些技术。 注1: 逆方法的用户应该知道，该方法可能有多个解，所有解都经过同样良好的校准。 ( 1. ) 4.

1.1 This guide covers techniques that can be used to calibrate a groundwater flow model. The calibration of a model is the process of matching historical data, and is usually a prerequisite for making predictions with the model. 1.2 Calibration is one of the stages of applying a groundwater modeling code to a site-specific problem (see Guide D5447 ). Calibration is the process of refining the model representation of the hydrogeologic framework, hydraulic properties, and boundary conditions to achieve a desired degree of correspondence between the model simulations and observations of the groundwater flow system. 1.3 Flow models are usually calibrated using either the manual (trial-and-error) method or an automated (inverse) method. This guide presents some techniques for calibrating a flow model using either method. 1.4 This guide is written for calibrating saturated porous medium (continuum) groundwater flow models. However, these techniques, suitably modified, could be applied to other types of related groundwater models, such as multi-phase models, non-continuum (karst or fracture flow) models, or mass transport models. 1.5 Guide D5447 presents the steps to be taken in applying a groundwater modeling code to a site-specific problem. Calibration is one of those steps. Other standards have been prepared on environmental modeling, such as Guides D5490 , D5609 , D5610 , D5611 , D5718 , and Practice E978 . 1.6 Units— The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units (given in brackets) are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.8 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process. 1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 Most site-specific groundwater flow models must be calibrated prior to use in predictions. In these cases, calibration is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition which must be obtained to have confidence in the model's predictions. 5.2 Often, during calibration, it becomes apparent that there are no realistic values of the hydraulic properties of the soil or rock which will allow the model to reproduce the calibration targets. In these cases the conceptual model of the site may need to be revisited or the construction of the model may need to be revised. In addition, the source and quality of the data used to establish the calibration targets may need to be reexamined. For example, the modeling process can sometimes identify a previously undetected surveying error, which would results in inaccurate hydraulic head targets. 5.3 This guide is not meant to be an inflexible description of techniques for calibrating a groundwater flow model; other techniques may be applied as appropriate and, after due consideration, some of the techniques herein may be omitted, altered, or enhanced. Note 1: Users of the inverse method should be aware that the method may have several solutions, all equally well calibrated. ( 1 ) 4