1.1 本文件是使用便携式手持式XRF分析仪测定废铜和铜基合金的化学、质量或分级的指南。 1.2 本指南旨在应用于本文讨论的所有适当技术，并用于本文所述的所有目的，其中这些目的可以通过特定技术或方法适当地实现或解决。 1.3 本指南并不建议不使用其他方法、装置或设备来评估本范围之外的含铜材料，如手持磁铁、火花测试、LIBS技术、光学发射光谱（无论是便携式还是固定式）或ICP等固定设备，或火花AES。 此外，本指南并不假定手持式XRF设备将是针对给定样品、批次或场合部署的唯一评估手段。 1.4 单位-- 以国际单位制表示的值应被视为标准。本标准不包括其他计量单位。 1.5 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如果有的话）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前建立适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.6 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 =====意义和用途====== 5.1 本指南用于含铜废料的识别和分类。此类识别和分类可能包括出于商业目的进行分级，确定是否符合成分规范要求（在技术限制范围内），确定是否适合使用，或确定是否符合其他验收或拒收标准。 5.2 废料的成分和质量可能会有所不同。这种变化可能对商业价值、使用适用性或符合验收标准具有重要意义。即使通过目视检查或其他传统手段无法检测到，这种变化也可能是实质性和重大的。 尽管固定或实验室设备（如ICP或火花AES）可以提供准确和有用的报告；在许多情况下，由于操作速度、体积、材料位置、决策时间或所需精度，使用固定或实验室设备不切实际。本指南绝不建议停止或避免使用固定的实验室设备。此类设备的卓越精度仍然是实现更精细检测限值、检测当前手持技术不易观察到的材料、验证手持设备获得的结果以及（在需要时）工厂认证的宝贵资源。 5.3 具有适当分析能力的便携式手持XRF设备弥合了识别需求与非便携式设备和装置的潜在不切实际之间的差距。手持式XRF设备可能无法达到或超过固定或实验室设备的精度，但它们的适用性和精度可能足以让用户在需要的时间和地点做出决定。在这种情况下，“适用性”可以由用户在检查自己的材料时定义，也可以由买卖双方协商确定。无论如何，我们鼓励用户咨询 附录X1 本文以及设备制造商了解该技术及其特定设备的能力和局限性。 5.4 本文讨论的技术正在不断发展。因此，在撰写本文时，他们还无法准确识别和量化元素周期表上的某些元素。当前的局限性在 附录X2 . 5.5 本指南中涵盖的技术和方法与手持式X射线荧光光谱法（手持式XRF）有关。 5.6 XRF分析仪通常被编程为对一组特定的合金做出响应，这些合金被选为所检查材料成分的代表。显示器是数字的，显示每个测量元素的浓度百分比。根据制造商和设备设计，最多可以显示25个元素，但较小的数量可能足以识别合金。 5.7 手持式XRF技术在检测和量化较轻元素方面的能力有限。根据技术和版本的不同，这些限制可能从硫和更轻的开始。手持式XRF技术对于低浓度铝或与铜合金中铝浓度无关的铝在定量上并不准确。建议用户不要依赖手持式XRF技术来识别铍的存在，因为手持式XRF无法直接测量铍。 5.8 即使对于检测限值或仪器或技术能力边界范围内的某些元素，手持式XRF设备仍然可以作为检查和检测设备，用于识别材料或碎片，以便使用实验室设备进行更精确的分析。 在这种情况下，手持XRF设备读数可能不是直接的验收标准，但可以作为更详细检查实践中的中间步骤（由用户自行决定）。 5.9 用户应注意手持式XRF技术的局限性，特别是在争议解决的情况下，分歧各方各自拥有检测限值不同的手持式XRF设备，或者所涉及的污染物处于仪器能力的边缘，或者两者兼而有之。

1.1 This document is a guide for the use of portable hand held XRF analyzers for the determination of chemistry, quality, or grading of scrap copper and copper-based alloys. 1.2 This guide is intended to be applied to all appropriate technologies discussed herein, and for all purposes described herein, where such purposes can be achieved or addressed suitably by the specific technology or method. 1.3 This guide does not by omission recommend against the use of other methods, devices, or equipment to evaluate copper-bearing materials outside of this scope, such as hand held magnets, spark testing, LIBS technology, Optical Emission Spectroscopy (whether portable or stationary) or stationary equipment such as ICPs, or spark AES. Further, this guide does not presume that hand held XRF devices will be the only means of evaluation deployed for a given sample, lot, or occasion. 1.4 Units— The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 This guide is intended for the identification and classification of copper-bearing scrap materials. Such identification and classification may include grading for commercial purposes, determining compliance (within the limits of the technology) with compositional specification requirements, determining fitness for use, or determining compliance with other acceptance or rejection criteria. 5.2 The composition and quality of scrap materials may vary. Such variations may be of importance for commercial value, fitness for use, or compliance with acceptance criteria. Such variation may be substantial and significant even though undetectable by visual inspection or other traditional means. Although stationary or laboratory equipment (such as ICPs or spark AES) may provide accurate and useful reports; in many cases the pace of operations, volume, location of the materials, the time available to make decisions, or the level of accuracy required makes the use of stationary or laboratory equipment impractical. By no means does this guide recommend discontinuance or avoidance of stationary laboratory equipment. Superior accuracy of such equipment is still a valuable resource for finer detection limits, detection of materials not readily observed by current handheld technology, validation of results obtained from handheld devices, and (where required) mill certifications. 5.3 Portable hand held XRF devices with suitable analytical capability bridge the gap between identification needs and the potential impracticality of non-portable equipment and devices. Hand held XRF devices might not meet or exceed the precision of stationary or laboratory equipment, but their suitability and precision may be situationally adequate for the user to make decisions where and when needed. “Suitability” in this case may be defined by the user if inspecting their own material, or by mutual agreement between buyer and seller. In any event, users are encouraged to consult Appendix X1 herein as well as the equipment manufacturer to understand the capabilities and limitations of the technology and their particular device. 5.4 The technologies discussed herein are evolving. As such, they are as of this writing not yet capable of accurately identifying and quantifying certain elements on the Periodic Table. Current limitations are enumerated and discussed in Appendix X2 . 5.5 The technology and methods covered in this guide are related to hand held X-Ray fluorescence spectrometry (hand held XRF). 5.6 XRF analyzers are typically programmed to respond to a specific set of alloys selected as representative of the composition of the materials examined. The displays are numeric and show the percent concentration of each measured element. Depending on the manufacturer and the equipment design, up to 25 elements may be displayed, but a smaller number is likely sufficient for identification of an alloy. 5.7 Hand held XRF technology is limited in its ability to detect and quantify lighter elements. Depending on the technology and version, these limits may begin with sulphur and lighter. Hand held XRF technology is not considered quantitatively accurate for aluminum at low levels of concentration or independent of its concentration in copper alloy. Users are advised not to rely on hand held XRF technology to identify the presence of beryllium, which cannot be measured directly by hand held XRF. 5.8 Even for detection limits or certain elements at the borderline range of an instrument’s or a technology’s capabilities, hand held XRF devices are still useful as an inspection and detection device to identify material or pieces as candidates for more precise analysis with laboratory equipment. In such cases, the hand held XRF device readings may not be direct acceptance criteria, but can be criteria (at the user’s discretion) as an intermediate step in a more detailed inspection practice. 5.9 Users are cautioned of the limitations of hand held XRF technology, particularly in the case of dispute resolution where the parties to a disagreement each have hand held XRF devices with differing Limits of Detection or where the contaminant at issue is at the borderline of instrument capability, or both.