1.1本指南涵盖了进行食品和农产品辐照研究所需的剂量测定和吸收剂量验证的最低要求。此类研究包括建立吸收剂量与这些产品中相关效应之间的定量关系。本指南还描述了此类研究和结果报告中对剂量测定的总体需求。 1.2本指南适用于食品和农业界的研究科学家，而不仅仅是进行辐射研究的科学家。因此，它比大多数其他ASTM和ISO/ASTM辐射处理剂量测定标准包含更多的教程信息。 1.3本指南无意限制实验者在实验设计中的灵活性。然而，应选择辐射源和实验装置，以使实验结果对其他科学家、监管机构以及食品和农业界有益并易于理解。 1.4生物系统中电离辐射产生的影响取决于大量的物理、生理或化学因素。尽管本指南未详细处理，但应报告可能影响剂量计吸收剂量响应的环境因素的定量数据，如食品或农产品中的温度和水分含量。 1.5在实验设计中，应考虑吸收剂量测量的整体不确定度和样本内固有的吸收剂量范围。 1.6本指南涵盖了使用以下类型电离辐射进行的研究:γ射线、韧致辐射X射线和电子束。 1.7本指南不包括辐射处理研究的其他方面，例如实验设计的规划。剂量测定必须被视为实验设计的一个组成部分。 1.8本指南不包括辐照器特性、工艺鉴定和常规剂量测定的剂量测定；ISO/ASTM规程51204、51431、51608、51649和51702中描述了这些主题。ISO/ASTM指南51261中规定了剂量测定系统的选择和校准。 1.9 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全和健康实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 ====意义和用途====== 4.1本指南旨在为食品和农业研究实验的剂量学以及剂量学结果的报告提供指导。关于辐照食品和农产品以实现既定效益的有效性的研究涉及非常不同的领域- 从一项研究和一种产品到另一种产品的剂量规格。例如，对果蝇进行消毒所需的吸收剂量远低于使肉类中的某些细菌病原体失活或消除香料污染所需的剂量。 注4-辐射的相关影响示例包括减少活的食源性细菌、病毒和寄生虫以及植物检疫处理（如水果和蔬菜的杀虫）、防止发芽、延迟成熟以及产品化学和质量的变化。对这些影响的进一步讨论不在本指南的范围内。参考ASTM指南F 1355、F 1356、F 1736和F 1885。 4.2适当报告辐射方面很重要，因为生物效应的程度可能是各种因素的函数，例如辐射源、吸收剂量率、入射辐射的能量、辐射期间的环境影响和入射辐射的类型。 本指南试图强调其他研究人员重复实验所需的信息，包括吸收剂量测量的方法和结果。 注5-可能影响农产品对电离辐射反应的因素包括属、种、品种、活力、生命阶段、初始质量、成熟状态、温度、水分含量、pH值、包装、运输和储存条件。尽管本指南中未讨论这些因素，但在规划实验时应考虑这些因素（见ASTM指南F 1355、F 1356、F 1640、F 1736和F 1885）。 4.3理想情况下，实验应设计为尽可能均匀地照射样品。实际上，整个样品中的吸收剂量会存在一定的变化。吸收剂量映射用于确定给定实验参数集的最大吸收剂量（Dmax）和最小吸收剂量（Dmin）的大小、位置和再现性。 用于剂量映射的剂量计必须能够响应辐照样品内可能出现的剂量和剂量梯度。 4.4理论计算可提供有关辐照样品中吸收剂量分布的有用信息，尤其是在材料界面附近（见ASTM指南E 2232）。

1.1 This guide covers the minimum requirements for dosimetry and absorbed-dose validation needed to conduct research on the irradiation of food and agricultural products. Such research includes establishment of the quantitative relationship between the absorbed dose and the relevant effects in these products. This guide also describes the overall need for dosimetry in such research, and in reporting of the results. 1.2 This guide is intended for use by research scientists in the food and agricultural communities, and not just scientists conducting irradiation research. It, therefore, includes more tutorial information than most other ASTM and ISO/ASTM dosimetry standards for radiation processing. 1.3 This guide is in no way intended to limit the flexibility of the experimenter in the experimental design. However, the radiation source and experimental set up should be chosen such that the results of the experiment will be beneficial and understandable to other scientists, regulatory agencies, and the food and agricultural communities. 1.4 The effects produced by ionizing radiation in biological systems depend on a large number of factors which may be physical, physiological, or chemical. Although not treated in detail in this guide, quantitative data of environmental factors that may affect the absorbed-dose response of dosimeters, such as temperature and moisture content in the food or agricultural products should be reported. 1.5 The overall uncertainty in the absorbed-dose measurement and the inherent absorbed-dose range within the specimen should be taken into account in the design of an experiment. 1.6 The guide covers research conducted using the following types of ionizing radiation: gamma rays, bremsstrahlung X-rays, and electron beams. 1.7 This guide does not include other aspects of radiation processing research, such as planning of the experimental design. Dosimetry must be considered as an integral part of the experimental design. 1.8 The guide does not include dosimetry for irradiator characterization, process qualification and routine dosimetry; these subjects are described in ISO/ASTM Practices 51204, 51431, 51608, 51649, and 51702. The selection and calibration of dosimetry systems is specified in ISO/ASTM Guide 51261. 1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 This guide is intended to provide direction on dosimetry for experiments in food and agricultural research, and on the reporting of dosimetry results. Research concerning the effectiveness of irradiation of food and agricultural products to achieve a defined benefit involves very different absorbed-dose specifications from one study and one product to another. For example, the absorbed dose required to sterilize fruit flies is much lower than the doses required to inactivate some bacterial pathogens in meat, or to decontaminate spices. NOTE 4 - Examples of the relevant effects of irradiation include reduction of viable food-borne bacteria, viruses and parasites and phytosanitary treatment (such as disinfestation of fruits and vegetables), prevention of sprouting, delay of ripening, and changes in product chemistry and quality. Further discussion of these effects is outside the scope of this guide. Refer to ASTM Guides F 1355, F 1356, F 1736 and F 1885. 4.2 Proper reporting of the irradiation aspect is important since the degree of biological effect may be a function of various factors such as the radiation source, the absorbed-dose rate, energy of the incident radiation, environmental effects during irradiation, and the type of incident radiation. This guide attempts to highlight the information, including the methodology and results of the absorbed-dose measurements, necessary for an experiment to be repeatable by other researchers. NOTE 5 - Factors that may influence the response of agricultural products to ionizing radiation include genus, species, variety, vigor, life stage, initial quality, state of ripeness, temperature, moisture content, pH, packaging, shipping, and storage conditions. Although these factors are not discussed in this guide, they should be considered when planning experiments (see ASTM Guides F 1355, F 1356, F 1640, F 1736 and F 1885. 4.3 Ideally, an experiment should be designed to irradiate the sample as uniformly as possible. In practice, a certain variation in absorbed dose will exist throughout the sample. Absorbed-dose mapping is used to determine the magnitude, location, and reproducibility of the maximum (Dmax) and minimum absorbed dose (Dmin) for a given set of experimental parameters. Dosimeters used for dose mapping must be capable of responding to doses and dose gradients likely to occur within irradiated samples. 4.4 Theoretical calculations may provide useful information about absorbed-dose distribution in the irradiated sample, especially near material interfaces (see ASTM Guide E 2232).