1.1 这些实践描述了对土壤、海底沉积物、悬浮沉积物和水性材料的部分提取，以确定某些微量元素的可提取浓度。 1.1.1 练习A 能够从前述材料中提取铝、硼、钡、镉、钙、铬、钴、铜、铁、铅、镁、锰、钼、镍、钾、钠、锶、钒和锌的浓度。其他金属可以使用这种方法进行测定。这种提取是两者中更有力、更复杂的一种。 1.1.2 练习B 能够从上述材料中提取铝、镉、铬、钴、铜、铁、铅、锰、镍和锌的浓度。 其他金属可以使用这种方法进行测定。这种提取没有练习A那么有力，也没有那么复杂。 1.2 这些做法描述了在消化前制备样品的三种方法: 1.2.1 冷冻干燥。 1.2.2 室温下空气干燥。 1.2.3 加速空气干燥，例如，95 °C。 1.3 每种元素的检测限和线性浓度范围取决于所用的原子吸收分光光度法或其他技术，可在所用仪器的手册中找到。另请参阅使用原子吸收分光光度法测定特定金属的各种ASTM试验方法。 1.3.1 可以通过改变样本量来调整实践的灵敏度( 14.2 )或样品的稀释度( 14.6 )，或两者兼而有之。 1.4 可提取微量元素分析为污染物的检测提供了比总金属分析更多的信息，因为吸收、络合和沉淀是将污染水中的金属保留在沉积物中的方法。 1.5 以国际单位制表示的数值应视为标准。本标准不包括其他计量单位。 1.6 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.7 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 5.1 已经发现工业化和城市地区将许多有毒元素沉积到以前不存在或发现微量有毒元素的环境中。因此，能够测量这些污染的浓度是很重要的- 沉积元素，以正确研究污染影响。 5.2 本程序涉及中所述的与污染相关的微量元素 4.1 而不是那些包含在沉积物来源的矿物的硅酸盐晶格中的元素。这些与污染有关的微量元素被释放到水中，并随着一般水质，特别是pH值的变化而被沉积物重新吸收。这些元素是严重的污染源。锁定在硅酸盐晶格中的元素在生物圈中并不容易获得 ( 1- 8. ) . 5.3 在比较微量元素浓度时，重要的是要考虑要分析的颗粒尺寸 ( 8. , 9 ) . 5.3.1 颗粒越细，表面积越大。因此，可能有更大量的给定微量元素可以吸附在细颗粒样品的表面 ( 4. ) 对于小于80目的颗粒尺寸，金属含量不再取决于表面积。因此，如果使用这部分沉积物，则对样品类型（即沙子、盐或粘土）的分析进行归一化。还观察到，当使用小于80目的沉积物时，异常样本和背景样本之间的对比度最大 ( 4. , 5. ). 5.3.2 样品干燥后，必须注意不要以改变天然颗粒的方式研磨样品- 尺寸分布( 14.1 ).颗粒破裂会破坏硅酸盐晶格，并使那些原本不容易消化的元素可用 ( 6. ) 通常，一旦加入试剂，干燥的天然土壤、沉积物和许多粘土的聚集体就会离解( 14.3 和 15.2 ).

1.1 These practices describe the partial extraction of soils, bottom sediments, suspended sediments, and waterborne materials to determine the extractable concentrations of certain trace elements. 1.1.1 Practice A is capable of extracting concentrations of aluminum, boron, barium, cadmium, calcium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, potassium, sodium, strontium, vanadium, and zinc from the preceding materials. Other metals may be determined using this practice. This extraction is the more vigorous and more complicated of the two. 1.1.2 Practice B is capable of extracting concentrations of aluminum, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, and zinc from the preceding materials. Other metals may be determined using this practice. This extraction is less vigorous and less complicated than Practice A. 1.2 These practices describe three means of preparing samples prior to digestion: 1.2.1 Freeze-drying. 1.2.2 Air-drying at room temperature. 1.2.3 Accelerated air-drying, for example, 95 °C. 1.3 The detection limit and linear concentration range of each procedure for each element is dependent on the atomic absorption spectrophotometric or other technique employed and may be found in the manual accompanying the instrument used. Also see various ASTM test methods for determining specific metals using atomic absorption spectrophotometric techniques. 1.3.1 The sensitivity of the practice can be adjusted by varying the sample size ( 14.2 ) or the dilution of the sample ( 14.6 ), or both. 1.4 Extractable trace element analysis provides more information than total metal analysis for the detection of pollutants, since absorption, complexation, and precipitation are the methods by which metals from polluted waters are retained in sediments. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 Industrialized and urban areas have been found to deposit a number of toxic elements into environments where those elements were previously either not present or were found in trace amounts. Consequently, it is important to be able to measure the concentration of these pollution-deposited elements to properly study pollution effects. 5.2 This procedure is concerned with the pollution-related trace elements that are described in 4.1 rather than those elements incorporated in the silicate lattices of the minerals from which the sediments were derived. These pollution-related trace elements are released into the water and readsorbed by the sediments with changes in general water quality, pH in particular. These elements are a serious source of pollution. The elements locked in the silicate lattices are not readily available in the biosphere ( 1- 8 ) . 5.3 When comparing the trace element concentrations, it is important to consider the particle sizes to be analyzed ( 8 , 9 ) . 5.3.1 The finer the particle the greater the surface area. Consequently, a potentially greater amount of a given trace element can be adsorbed on the surface of fine, particulate samples ( 4 ) . For particle sizes smaller than 80 mesh, metal content is no longer dependent on surface area. Therefore, if this portion of the sediment is used, the analysis with respect to sample type (that is, sand, salt, or clay) is normalized. It has also been observed that the greatest contrast between anomalous and background samples is obtained when less than 80-mesh portion of the sediment is used ( 4 , 5 ). 5.3.2 After the samples have been dried, care must be taken not to grind the sample in such a way to alter the natural particle-size distribution ( 14.1 ). Fracturing a particle disrupts the silicate lattice and makes available those elements which otherwise are not easily digested ( 6 ) . Normally, aggregates of dried, natural soils, sediments, and many clays dissociate once the reagents are added ( 14.3 and 15.2 ).