本文组织了消毒工作 历史自1881年成立以来，AWWA分为八个建筑 消毒“革命”，事件或一系列事件 改变了美国的消毒做法。这些革命包括:1908年，新泽西州泽西市开始全面消毒，在供应泽西市的布恩顿水库的水中加入次氯酸盐；1914年，大肠菌群革命结合在一起 具有分析功能的数值标准 可广泛应用的技术 以相对低廉的成本监管一个指标 衡量卫生质量的有机体 以及最终的微生物安全性 饮用水；1917年，实施了氨气和氨气相结合的做法 氯可以产生氯胺来解决味觉问题 与游离氯有关的气味问题；1974年，三卤甲烷（THM）的发现和1979年由此产生的THM法规开始了饮用水消毒实践的第一次革命；1989年《地表水处理规则》（SWTR）对每天地表水处理期间达到的特定接触时间（CT）值的要求；1989年，总大肠菌群规则（TCR）要求公用事业公司遵守样本中大肠菌群阳性率不超过5%的规定，要求从大肠菌群密度转变为不存在大肠菌群；1998年，在第一阶段消毒剂/消毒副产品规则（D/DBPR）和后来的第二阶段D/DBPR中，颁布了一种新的方法来调节消毒副产品（DBPs）的疾病风险； 1993年，威斯康星州密尔沃基的隐孢子虫病暴发引发了隐孢子虫检测方法的革命，从而产生了长期2强化地表水处理规则（LT2ESWTR）。文章接着讨论了这场革命如何改变美国的消毒实践，并给出了南加州大都会水区如何从游离氯转变为氯胺的案例研究。包括66个参考文献、表格和图表。

This article organizes disinfection history since the 1881 founding of AWWA into a construct of eight disinfection "revolutions", events or series of events that changed the practice of disinfection in the United States. The revolutions include: in 1908 Jersey City, New Jersey, began full-scale disinfection by adding hypochlorite of lime to water in the Boonton reservoir that supplied Jersey City; in 1914 the coliform revolution combined a numerical standard with an analytical technique that could be applied widely and relatively inexpensively to regulate an indicator organism that measured the sanitary quality and, ultimately, the microbiological safety of drinking water; in 1917 the implementation of the practice of combining ammonia and chlorine to produce chloramines to solve taste and odor problems related to free chlorine; in 1974 the discovery of trihalomethanes (THMs) and the resulting THM regulation in 1979 began the first revolution in drinking water disinfection practices; the requirement of the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) in 1989 of specific contact time (CT) values to be achieved during treatment of surface waters on a daily basis; in 1989 the Total Coliform Rule (TCR) required utilities to comply with no more than a 5% positive coliform occurrence in samples, a shift in requirement from coliform density to presence-absence of coliforms; in 1998 a new approach to regulating risks of disease from disinfection byproducts (DBPs) was promulgated in the Stage 1 Disinfectant/Disinfection Byproduct Rule (D/DBPR) and later in the Stage 2 D/DBPR; and, in 1993 the Milwaukee, Wisconsin outbreak of cryptosporidiosis sparked a revolution in Cryptosporidium detection methods resulting in the Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR). The article goes on to discuss how the revolutions transformed U.S. disinfection practices and gives a case study of how the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California switched from free chlorine to chloramines. Includes 66 references, table, figures.