1.1 本试验方法涵盖了高级陶瓷维氏压痕硬度的测定。在该测试中，将规定形状的尖形、方形、金字塔形金刚石压头以预定的力压入陶瓷表面，以产生相对较小的永久压痕。使用光学显微镜测量永久压痕两条对角线的表面投影。平均对角线尺寸和施加的力用于计算维氏硬度，该硬度表示材料对维氏压头穿透的阻力。硬度是通过力与接触表面积的比值来计算的。 1.2 以国际单位制表示的值应被视为标准值。本标准不包括其他计量单位。 1.3 单位-- 当开发努氏和维氏硬度试验时，力水平以克力（gf）和千克力（kgf）为单位指定。本标准规定了国际单位制（SI）中的力和长度单位；即力单位为牛顿（N），长度单位为毫米或微米。然而，由于历史先例和持续的普遍使用，偶尔会提供gf和kgf单位的力值以供参考。本试验方法规定，维氏硬度应以GPa为单位报告，或以无量纲的维氏硬度值报告，其隐含单位为kgf/mm 2. . 1.4 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如果有的话）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前建立适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.5 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 =====意义和用途====== 5.1 对于高级陶瓷，维氏压头用于制造压痕，其表面投影对角线用光学显微镜测量。维氏压头产生一个方形压痕，从中测量两个表面投影对角线长度。维氏硬度是通过施加力与未变形压头四个面的接触面积之比来计算的。（相比之下，努氏压头也用于测量硬度，但努氏硬度是根据施加的力与试样表面投影面积的比值计算的。 ) 5.2 维氏压痕硬度是用于表征高级陶瓷的许多性能之一。已经尝试将维氏压痕硬度与其他硬度标度联系起来，但目前还没有普遍接受的方法。此类转换的范围有限，应谨慎使用，但通过比较测试获得可靠转换基础的特殊情况除外。 5.3 维氏压痕对角线长度约为努氏压痕长对角线的2.8倍，压痕深度约为相同力下努氏压痕深度的1.5倍。 5.4 与努氏压痕相比，维氏压痕受试样表面平整度、平行度和表面光洁度的影响较小，但必须考虑这些参数。 5.5 维氏压痕比努氏压痕更有可能导致高级陶瓷出现裂纹。裂纹可能会从根本上改变有助于形成压痕的变形过程，从而影响测量的硬度，并且由于压痕尖端或侧面的过度损坏，它们可能会损害或妨碍对角线长度的测量。 5.6 完整的硬度表征包括在广泛的压痕力范围内的测量。陶瓷的维氏硬度通常随着压痕尺寸或压痕力的增加而降低，如图所示 图1 这种趋势被称为压痕尺寸效应（ISE）。硬度在足够大的压痕尺寸或力下接近平台常数硬度。实现恒定硬度所需的试验力或载荷因陶瓷而异。 本标准中规定的试验力应足够大，使硬度接近或处于平台状态，但不要太大而导致过度开裂。建议对ISE进行全面表征，但这超出了本测试方法的范围，本测试方法在单一指定力下测量硬度。

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Vickers indentation hardness of advanced ceramics. In this test, a pointed, square-based, pyramidal diamond indenter of prescribed shape is pressed into the surface of a ceramic with a predetermined force to produce a relatively small, permanent indentation. The surface projection of the two diagonals of the permanent indentation is measured using a light microscope. The average diagonal size and the applied force are used to calculate the Vickers hardness, which represents the material’s resistance to penetration by the Vickers indenter. Hardness is computed as the ratio of the force to the contact surface area. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 Units— When Knoop and Vickers hardness tests were developed, the force levels were specified in units of grams-force (gf) and kilograms-force (kgf). This standard specifies the units of force and length in the International System of Units (SI); that is, force in newtons (N) and length in mm or μm. However, because of the historical precedent and continued common usage, force values in gf and kgf units are occasionally provided for information. This test method specifies that Vickers hardness be reported either in units of GPa, or a dimensionless Vickers hardness number that has implied units of kgf/mm 2 . 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 For advanced ceramics, Vickers indenters are used to create indentations whose surface-projected diagonals are measured with optical microscopes. The Vickers indenter creates a square impression from which two surface-projected diagonal lengths are measured. Vickers hardness is calculated from the ratio of the applied force to the area of contact of the four faces of the undeformed indenter. (In contrast, Knoop indenters are also used to measure hardness, but Knoop hardness is calculated from the ratio of the applied force to the projected area on the specimen surface.) 5.2 Vickers indentation hardness is one of many properties that is used to characterize advanced ceramics. Attempts have been made to relate Vickers indentation hardness to other hardness scales, but no generally accepted methods are available. Such conversions are limited in scope and should be used with caution, except for special cases where a reliable basis for the conversion has been obtained by comparison tests. 5.3 Vickers indentation diagonal lengths are approximately 2.8 times shorter than the long diagonal of Knoop indentations, and the indentation depth is approximately 1.5 times deeper than Knoop indentations made at the same force. 5.4 Vickers indentations are influenced less by specimen surface flatness, parallelism, and surface finish than Knoop indentations, but these parameters must be considered nonetheless. 5.5 Vickers indentations are much more likely to cause cracks in advanced ceramics than Knoop indentations. The cracks may influence the measured hardness by fundamentally altering the deformation processes that contribute to the formation of an impression, and they may impair or preclude measurement of the diagonal lengths due to excessive damage at the indentation tips or sides. 5.6 A full hardness characterization includes measurements over a broad range of indentation forces. Vickers hardness of ceramics usually decreases with increasing indentation size or indentation force, as shown in Fig. 1 . The trend is known as the indentation size effect (ISE). Hardness approaches a plateau constant hardness at sufficiently large indentation size or forces. The test forces or loads that are needed to achieve a constant hardness vary with the ceramic. The test force specified in this standard is intended to be sufficiently large that hardness is either close to or on the plateau, but not so large as to introduce excessive cracking. A comprehensive characterization of the ISE is recommended but is beyond the scope of this test method, which measures hardness at a single, designated force.