地源热泵（GSHP）系统的行业指南提供了最小和最大流量的建议，以便保持地下回路流体流量足够高，以最小化U形管内壁的对流传热阻力，同时保持足够低的流量，以最小化泵送功率。如果流动是湍流的，相同的行业指南将对流传热阻力视为可忽略不计。系统流量和流型随粘度而变化，粘度随温度而变化，在以加热为主的气候中，热载体流体温度在冬季较低，需要增加防冻剂浓度，因此很难满足行业指南中关于流量和水头损失的建议。本文描述了一个模拟- 以南达科他州苏福尔斯为例，对供暖主导气候下地源热泵系统的设计流速进行了研究。研究了管径和雷诺数对系统性能和水头损失的影响。采用经实验验证的地下换热器模型，研究中考虑了泵送能量、热泵能量和备用电阻加热能量。引用:ASHRAE论文:2015年ASHRAE年会，伊利诺伊州芝加哥

Industry guidelines for ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems provide recommendations for minimum and maximum flow rates, so as to keep the ground loop fluid flow rate sufficiently high to minimize the convective heat transfer resistance at the inside wall of the U-tube, while at the same time keeping the flow rate sufficiently low to minimize the pumping power. The same industry guidelines treat the convective heat transfer resistance as negligible if the flow is turbulent. The system flow and flow regime vary with viscosity, which varies with temperature, and in heatingdominated climates where heat carrier fluid temperatures go low in wintertime and require increasing antifreeze concentrations, the industry guideline recommendations for flow rates and head loss are difficult to meet. This paper describes a simulation-based study of design flow velocities for a ground-source heat pump system in a heating dominated climate - Sioux Falls, South Dakota. The effect of pipe diameter and Reynolds number are investigated and the effects on system performance and head loss are analyzed. An experimentally-validated ground heat exchanger model is used and pumping energy, heat pump energy and backup electric resistance heating energy are all accounted for in the study.