随着淡水供应选项变得越来越少，越来越难获得，市政供水商已经开始提供淡水 转向质量较差的供应。这些补给包括坚硬、有色和微咸水，需要先进的技术 处理，如反渗透（RO）和纳滤（NF）。绝大多数地下水资源， 由于水质更稳定、更可预测，因此选择水源。然而，最近，许多人被解雇了 研究用反渗透或NF处理低质量地表水供应。 用反渗透和NF处理地表水带来了与系统设计和膜处理相关的某些挑战 污垢。由于地表水温度、浊度和有机碳浓度变化很大， 工程师在设计地表水RO和NF系统时必须特别小心。适当的泵送设计， 取水类型和位置以及预处理对控制系统运行、成品水质量和水质至关重要 治疗费用。 中试是制定地表水反渗透处理工艺设计标准的有用工具。然而 必须适当考虑安排试点试验，以捕捉可能导致污染的水质事件 对反渗透工艺的运行产生重大影响。这类事件包括温度的季节变化， 浊度、藻类、味道和气味、合成有机化合物等。 虽然有很多试点数据可用，但该地区实际建成的地表水RO或NF处理系统却很少 美国本文回顾了目前存在或正在规划或实施的少数设施 施工阶段。这些设施包括:德克萨斯州格兰伯里；阿拉斯加州巴罗；堪萨斯州威奇托；还有，西约旦， 犹他州 对现有和计划中的处理设施的审查表明，所需的取水类型和预处理 对治疗成本有重大影响。表面进水口通常需要先进的预处理工艺，这可能会 包括超滤（UF）或微滤（MF）。然而，当使用传统的方法时，有些方法可能运行良好 工艺和介质过滤。取水构筑物的类型和取水设施的选址，常规取水设施的运行 RO或NF前的预处理过程，以及可能导致实施先进工艺的考虑因素 介绍并讨论了预处理工艺。 藻类和藻类的季节性过滤可以减少对河岸的影响 相关的味觉和气味问题。由于最近提出的长期方案，人们对河岸过滤的兴趣正在增加 2强化地表水处理规则（LT2ESWTR），该规则可能会授予该过程的日志清除信用 微生物病原体，如贾第虫和隐孢子虫。水文地质条件评估标准 总结了河岸过滤的可行性。包括10个参考文献、表格和图表。

As freshwater supply options become fewer and more difficult to access, municipal water suppliers have begun turning to supplies of lesser quality. These supplies include hard, colored, and brackish waters that require advanced treatment, such as reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF). Groundwater sources have been, overwhelmingly, the sources of choice due to more consistent and predictable water quality. However, more recently, many have been looking at treating low quality surface water supplies with RO or NF. Treating surface water with RO and NF poses certain challenges associated with system design and membrane fouling. Due to the wide variations seen in surface water temperature, turbidity, and organic carbon concentrations, engineers must be particularly careful when designing surface water RO and NF systems. Adequate pumping design, intake type and location, and pretreatment are paramount to controlling system operation, finished water quality, and treatment cost. Pilot tests are a useful tool for developing design criteria for surface water RO treatment processes. However, appropriate consideration must be given to scheduling pilot tests to capture the water quality events that bear significant impact to the operation of the RO process. Such events include seasonal variations in temperature, turbidity, algae, taste and odors, synthetic organic compounds, etc. While much pilot data is available, few surface water RO or NF treatment systems have actually been built in the United States. This paper presents a review of the few facilities that currently exist or are in the planning or construction phases. These facilities include: Granbury, Texas; Barrow, Alaska; Wichita, Kansas; and, West Jordan, Utah. A review of existing and planned treatment facilities indicates that intake type and pretreatment required bear significant impact on treatment costs. Surface intakes typically require advanced pretreatment processes that may include ultrafiltration (UF) or microfiltration (MF). However, some may operate well when using conventional processes and media filtration. Types of intake structures and siting intake facilities, operation of conventional pretreatment processes before RO or NF, and considerations that may lead to the implementation of advanced pretreatment processes are presented and discussed. Riverbank filtration can be used to reduce the seasonal impacts of particulate matter, organics, algae and algae related taste and odor problems. Interest in riverbank filtration is increasing due to the recently proposed Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR), which may grant this process log-removal credits for microbial pathogens such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Criteria for evaluation of hydrogeologic conditions that indicate the feasibility of riverbank filtration are summarized. Includes 10 references, tables, figures.