现代住宅建筑注重降低能耗，因此需要高度隔热和气密的建筑围护结构，并尽可能减少热桥。窗户必须仔细设计，因为热桥可能导致表面冷凝或霉菌生长，即使窗户的U系数为1 W/（m²x K）或更低。本文描述了丹麦现代节能窗户的发展，减少了热桥。它的重点是材料，几何结构和密封的窗格玻璃的基础上的文献综述。介绍了现代窗户的例子。讨论了2010年《丹麦建筑法规》（丹麦企业和建筑管理局2010）中关于表面冷凝或霉菌生长的最低可接受表面温度的经验，以及基于国际标准的该温度计算方法。 最低可接受表面温度的引入是丹麦开发新窗户解决方案的一个重要驱动力，提高了车窗玻璃密封处的内表面温度。然而，它不会阻止消费者的投诉，因为这个温度是在标准化条件下计算的。越来越多的气密性要求增加了充分通风的重要性，以防止冷凝或霉菌生长问题。出席2013年12月第十二届全建筑外围护结构热工性能研讨会简介:全建筑外围护结构热工性能第十二届

With its focus on reduced energy consumption, contemporary housing construction requires a highly insulated and airtight building envelope with as few thermal bridges as possible.Windows must be carefully designed, as thermal bridges can lead to surface condensation or mold growth, even if the window has an U-factor of 1 W/(m2x K) or lower.This paper describes the development of modern, energy efficient Danish windows with reduced thermal bridges. It focuses on materials, geometry, and sealing of window panes based on a literature review. Examples of modern windows are presented. Experience with the minimum acceptable surface temperature regarding surface condensation or mold growth, implemented in the Danish Building Regulations in 2010 (Danish Enterprise and Construction Authority 2010), and the calculation method for this temperature based on international standards is discussed.The introduction of the minimum acceptable surface temperature has been an important driver for the development of new window solutions in Denmark, increasing the inner-surface temperature at the sealing of window panes. However, it will not stop complaints fromconsumers, as this temperature is calculated under standardized conditions. Increasing requirements for airtightness increases the importance of sufficient ventilation in order to prevent problems with condensation or mold growth.Presented at Thermal Performance of Exterior Envelopes of Whole Buildings XII, December 2013