基于健康的监管会推高医疗成本 治疗，但约占系统设计容量的50% 这些厕所是用来冲洗的 法规是无关紧要的。利用再生水 消除不可满足的需求，减少工厂规模， 将消防设施改为再生水，可以保持 饮用水管道中的水停留时间短 水质效益。在双重分配系统中， 管道直径和水停留时间为 减少了饮用水管线，从而减少了劣化 在水质方面。案例研究社区 展示了集成消防系统的好处和成本 在双通道中进入不可旋转的水管 系统虽然收养的经济障碍 这是一个挑战 本文提供了一个评估成本和成本的模板 对许多水资源有用的好处 公用事业包括30个参考文献、表格和图表。

Health-based regulations drive up the cost of treatment, but about 50% of system design capacity is for irrigation and toilet flushing for which these regulations are irrelevant. Using reclaimed water to eliminate nonpotable demands reduces plant size, and shifting fire protection to reclaimed water keeps water residence time short in the potable lines to the benefit of water quality. In dual distribution systems, pipe diameters and water residence times are reduced in potable water lines, resulting in less deterioration in water quality. A case study community shows the benefits and costs of integrating fire protection into the nonpotable water lines in a dual system. Although the financial barrier to adoption of a dual distribution system is a challenge, this article provides a template to assess the costs and the benefits that will be useful to many water utilities. Includes 30 references, tables, figures.