1.1 这一做法为应对涉及放射性物质的意外和故意事件提供了决策考虑。它为应对规划中应包括的内容以及应对期间应开展的活动提供了信息和指导。它还包括应对因辐射而复杂的任何情况的做法，以及针对特定类型事件的相关指南。 1.1.1 该标准的预期受众包括规划者、应急响应者、事件指挥官和其他应受到辐射保护的应急工作者。 1.1.2 本规程适用于所有类型的放射性紧急情况。虽然它没有充分考虑对NPP事故的反应， 3. 其他文件中提供了应对此类事件的详细指南，如引言中引用的文件。 关于指导文件，本惯例提供了适用于广泛事件和相关规划目标的一般原则，但依赖AHJ根据这些文件以及管辖范围内人员和设备资源的限制来应用和调整其响应规划。此外，AHJ应使用这些文件来确定规划和资源的改进，以便更好地为更复杂的紧急情况做好准备。 1.1.3 这一做法没有明确涉及对食品或水供应污染的应急响应。 1.1.4 交通部发布的《应急指南》为应对涉及放射性物质的交通事故提供了宝贵的信息。然而，对于其他放射性或核事故，ERG可能无法提供有关适当保护措施的充分信息，不应成为唯一使用的资源。 1.2 这一做法适用于那些在应对意外或故意放射性或核事件中发挥作用的应急机构。它应该被执法、消防、紧急医疗服务和应急管理等应急响应组织使用。 1.3 这一做法假设实施始于对放射性或核事故的识别，并在应急响应行动停止或响应得到专门的地区、州或联邦响应资产的支持时结束。 1.4 使用此做法的AHJ应识别危险，制定计划，获取和跟踪设备，并提供符合第节所述的培训 6. 。 1.5 虽然对放射性危害的响应是本实践的重点，但响应者必须在响应过程中考虑所有危害；有可能非- 放射性危害在事故中可能会带来更大的危险，特别是在大范围分散的事故中。 1.5.1 这一做法并没有完全涉及评估空气中放射性的风险。在应急响应社区中，确定这种潜在危险的设备并不广泛。与对未知危险的其他反应一样，在完成完整的危险识别评估之前，需要反应者常用的呼吸保护。 1.6 此做法分为以下几个部分: 部分 标题 1. 范围 2. 参考文件 3. 术语 4. 实践总结 5. 意义和用途 6. 辐射或核应急响应的先决条件 7. 核爆炸反应 8. 辐射应急响应 附录X1 应对辐射或核事故或两者以及紧急情况的操作指南 附录X2 核爆炸后爆炸区和辐射区概述 附录X3 使用时间、距离和屏蔽练习ALARA:确定辐射剂量 附录X4 辐射应急响应指南 附录X5 辐射事故应急检查表 附录X6 辐射探测仪器 附录X7 辐射安全程序示例 附录X8 样品辐射安全程序 附录X9 培训资源 附录X10 辐射单位、换算和缩写 不适用 参考文献 不适用 参考文献 1.7 以英寸磅为单位的数值应视为标准。括号中给出的值是国际单位制的数学转换，仅供参考，不被视为标准。 1.8 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。 本标准的使用者有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.9 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 5.1 在应对放射性或核事故之前，应对机构人员必须规划、制定、实施和培训标准化指南，包括政策、战略、行动和战术决策。建议所有级别的响应结构都使用此做法。 5.2 根据这一惯例制定的文件应按两年周期或根据每个司法管辖区的正常惯例进行必要的审查和修订。审查应考虑可能对放射性事件的管理和结果产生重大影响的新的和更新的要求和指南、技术以及其他信息或设备。

1.1 This practice provides decision-making considerations for response to both accidental and intentional incidents that involve radioactive material. It provides information and guidance for what to include in response planning and what activities to conduct during a response. It also encompasses the practices to respond to any situation complicated by radiation in conjunction with the associated guidance for the specific type of incident. 1.1.1 The intended audience for the standard includes planners as well as emergency responders, incident commanders, and other emergency workers who should be protected from radiation. 1.1.2 The scope of this practice applies to all types of radiological emergencies. While it does not fully consider response to an NPP accident, 3 an explosive RDD, or nuclear detonation, detailed guidance to respond to such incidents is provided in other documents, such as those cited in the introduction. With respect to the guidance documents, this practice provides the general principles that apply to the broad range of incidents and associated planning goals but relies on the AHJ to apply and tailor their response planning based on those documents as well as the limitation of the personnel and equipment resources in the jurisdiction. In addition, the AHJ should use those documents to identify improvements to planning and resources to be better prepared for the more complex emergencies. 1.1.3 This practice does not expressly address emergency response to contamination of food or water supplies. 1.1.4 The Emergency Response Guide (ERG) published by the Department of Transportation provides valuable information for response to traffic accidents involving radioactive materials. For other radiological or nuclear incidents, however, the ERG may not provide adequate information on appropriate protective measures and should not be the sole resource used. 1.2 This practice applies to those emergency response agencies that have a role in the response to an accidental or intentional radiological or nuclear incident. It should be used by emergency response organizations such as law enforcement, fire service, emergency medical services, and emergency management. 1.3 This practice assumes that implementation begins with the recognition of a radiological or nuclear incident and ends when emergency response actions cease or the response is supported by specialized regional, state, or federal response assets. 1.4 AHJs using this practice should identify hazards, develop a plan, acquire and track equipment, and provide training consistent with the descriptions provided in Section 6 . 1.5 While response to radiological hazards is the focus of this practice, responders must consider all hazards during a response; it is possible that non-radiological hazards may present a greater danger at an incident, particularly in incidents with wide area dispersion. 1.5.1 This practice does not fully address assessing the risks from airborne radioactivity. Equipment to determine this potential hazard is not widely available in emergency responder communities. Like other responses to unknown hazards, respiratory protection commonly used by responders is required until a complete hazard identification assessment is complete. 1.6 This practice is divided into the following sections: Section Title 1 Scope 2 Referenced Documents 3 Terminology 4 Summary of Practice 5 Significance and Use 6 Prerequisites for Radiological or Nuclear Emergency Response 7 Nuclear Detonation Response 8 Radiological Emergency Response Appendix X1 Operational Guidance for Responding to Radiological or Nuclear Incidents, or both, and Emergencies Appendix X2 Summary of Blast and Radiation Zones Following a Nuclear Detonation Appendix X3 Practicing ALARA Using Time, Distance, and Shielding: Determining Radiological Dose Appendix X4 Radiological Emergency Response Guidelines Appendix X5 Emergency Response Checklist for Radiological Incidents Appendix X6 Radiation Detection Instruments Appendix X7 Example Radiation Safety Procedures Appendix X8 Sample Radiation Safety Procedures Appendix X9 Training Resources Appendix X10 Radiation Units, Conversions, and Abbreviations N/A References N/A Bibliography 1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 It is essential for response agency personnel to plan, develop, implement, and train on standardized guidelines that encompass policy, strategy, operations, and tactical decisions prior to responding to a radiological or nuclear incident. Use of this practice is recommended for all levels of the response structure. 5.2 Documents developed from this practice should be reviewed and revised as necessary on a two-year cycle or according to each jurisdiction’s normal practices. The review should consider new and updated requirements and guidance, technologies, and other information or equipment that might have a significant impact on the management and outcome of radiological incidents.