1.1 这种分类建立了建筑元素和相关场地工作的分类。这里定义的元素是大多数建筑常见的主要组成部分。无论设计规范、施工方法或使用的材料如何，元素通常都会执行给定的功能。该分类可作为建筑物可行性、规划和设计阶段分析、评估和监测的一致参考。使用UNIFORMAT II可确保建筑项目的经济评估在一段时间内和项目之间的一致性。它还加强了施工各个阶段的报告——从可行性和规划到工作文件的准备、施工、维护、修复和处置。 1.2 该分类适用于建筑物和相关现场工作。 它不包括与建筑物功能用途相关的专用工艺设备，但包括家具和设备。 1.3 该分类包含三个层次结构，分别称为级别1、2和3。 附录X1 提出了更详细的建议4级子元素分类。 1.4 UNIFORMAT II是一种类似于原始UNIFORMAT的元素格式 2. 元素分类。然而，UNIFORMAT II与原始UNIFORMAT的不同之处在于，它考虑了更广泛的建筑类型，并已更新为按照当前建筑实践对建筑元素进行分类。 1.5 以英寸-磅单位表示的值应被视为标准值。本标准不包括其他计量单位。 1.6 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 =====意义和用途====== 4.1 这种分类将建筑元素定义为大多数建筑物的主要组成部分。分类是连接建筑项目从初始规划到运营、维护和处置的活动和参与者的共同线索。 4.2 UNIFORMAT II的用户包括业主、开发商、设施程序员、成本规划师、估算师、调度员、建筑师和工程师、规范编写者、操作和维护人员、制造商和教育工作者。 4.3 执行以下操作时使用此分类: 5. 4.3.1 基于要素构建成本以进行经济评估（实践 E917 , E964 , E1057 , E1074 , E1121 ，以及 E1804 )在设计过程的早期。使用UNIFORMAT II有助于降低早期分析的成本，并在做出限制潜在节省选项的决定之前，有助于大幅节省设计和运营成本。 4.3.2 在规划、设计和施工期间估算和控制成本。在设计开始之前，使用UNIFORMAT II编制预算并制定基本成本计划。项目经理使用这些来控制项目成本、时间和质量，并设定设计成本目标。请参阅 附录X2 以UNIFORMAT II建筑元素设计成本估算为例。 4.3.3 举办价值工程研讨会。使用UNIFORMAT II作为检查表，以确保在工作计划的创意阶段分析建筑项目中所有重大成本要素的替代方案。此外，利用基本成本数据加快建筑系统成本模型的开发。 4.3.4 制定初始项目主进度计划。由于项目是逐个元素构建的，因此UNIFORMAT II是在设计过程开始时编制施工进度表的适当基础。 4.3.5 进行风险分析。模拟是一种技术（实践 E1369 )用于在评估建筑项目的经济风险时，开发建筑成本的概率分布。在UNIFORMAT II中使用单个元素和组元素来开发元素成本的概率分布。根据这些分布，建立项目总成本的概率分布，以确定可接受的项目或有事项，或作为经济分析的输入。（见实践 E1185 以指导使用哪种经济方法。） 4.3.6 构建成本手册，并在数据库中记录施工、运营和维护成本。拥有元素格式的手册或数据库可以帮助您在设计阶段早期以合理的成本进行经济分析。 图1 建筑环境的可能框架 4.3.7 在概念设计阶段构建初步项目描述。它有助于以清晰、简洁和合乎逻辑的顺序为客户描述项目的范围；它为在早期概念和初步设计阶段准备更详细的元素估算提供了基础，并通过明确阐述设计师的意图，加强了设计师和其他建筑专业人员之间的沟通。请参阅 附录X3 基于UNIFORMAT II的初步项目描述（PPD）示例。 4.3.8 在计算机辅助设计系统中编码和引用标准细节。例如，这允许建筑师根据UNIFORMAT II元素名称引用外墙组件，并根据分类构建标准细节数据库。 4.4 如本分类所述，UNIFORMAT II包括通常与建筑物相关的现场工程，但不适用于主要的土木工程。它也不适合用于工艺应用或准备贸易估算。

1.1 This classification establishes a classification of building elements and related sitework. Elements, as defined here, are major components common to most buildings. Elements usually perform a given function, regardless of the design specification, construction method, or materials used. The classification serves as a consistent reference for analysis, evaluation, and monitoring during the feasibility, planning, and design stages of buildings. Using UNIFORMAT II ensures consistency in the economic evaluation of buildings projects over time and from project to project. It also enhances reporting at all stages in construction—from feasibility and planning through the preparation of working documents, construction, maintenance, rehabilitation, and disposal. 1.2 This classification applies to buildings and related site work. It excludes specialized process equipment related to a building’s functional use but does include furnishings and equipment. 1.3 The classification incorporates three hierarchical levels described as Levels 1, 2, and 3. Appendix X1 presents a more detailed suggested Level 4 classification of sub-elements. 1.4 UNIFORMAT II is an elemental format similar to the original UNIFORMAT 2 elemental classification. UNIFORMAT II differs from the original UNIFORMAT, however, in that it takes into consideration a broader range of building types and has been updated to categorize building elements as they are in current building practice. 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 This classification defines building elements as major components common to most buildings. The classification is the common thread linking activities and participants in a building project from initial planning through operations, maintenance, and disposal. 4.2 The users of UNIFORMAT II include owners, developers, facilities programmers, cost planners, estimators, schedulers, architects and engineers, specification writers, operating and maintenance staff, manufacturers, and educators. 4.3 Use this classification when doing the following: 5 4.3.1 Structuring costs on an elemental basis for economic evaluations (Practices E917 , E964 , E1057 , E1074 , E1121 , and E1804 ) early in the design process. Using UNIFORMAT II helps reduce the cost of early analysis and contributes to substantial design and operational savings before decisions have been made that limit options for potential savings. 4.3.2 Estimating and controlling costs during planning, design, and construction. Use UNIFORMAT II to prepare budgets and to establish elemental cost plans before design begins. The project manager uses these to control project cost, time, and quality, and to set design-to-cost targets. See Appendix X2 for an example of a UNIFORMAT II building elemental design cost estimate. 4.3.3 Conducting value engineering workshops. Use UNIFORMAT II as a checklist to ensure that alternatives for all elements of significant cost in the building project are analyzed in the creativity phase of the job plan. Also, use the elemental cost data to expedite the development of cost models for building systems. 4.3.4 Developing initial project master schedules. Since projects are built element by element, UNIFORMAT II is an appropriate basis for preparing construction schedules at the start of the design process. 4.3.5 Performing risk analyses. Simulation is one technique (Practice E1369 ) for developing probability distributions of building costs when evaluating the economic risk in undertaking a building project. Use individual elements and group elements in UNIFORMAT II for developing probability distributions of elemental costs. From these distributions, build up probability distributions of total project costs to establish acceptable project contingencies or to serve as inputs to an economic analysis. (See Practice E1185 for guidance as to what economic method to use.) 4.3.6 Structuring cost manuals and recording construction, operating, and maintenance costs in a database. Having a manual or database in an elemental format helps you perform economic analysis early in the design stage and at reasonable cost. FIG. 1 Possible Framework of the Built Environment 4.3.7 Structuring preliminary project descriptions during the conceptual design phase. It facilitates the description of the scope of the project for the client in a clear, concise, and logical sequence; it provides the basis for the preparation of more detailed elemental estimates during the early concept and preliminary design phases, and it enhances communications among designers and other building professionals by providing a clear statement of the designer’s intent. See Appendix X3 for a sample preliminary project description (PPD) based on UNIFORMAT II. 4.3.8 Coding and referencing standard details in computer-aided design systems. This allows an architect, for example, to reference an exterior wall assembly according to UNIFORMAT II element designations and build up a database of standard details structured according to the classification. 4.4 UNIFORMAT II, as described in this classification, includes sitework normally related to buildings but does not apply to major civil works. It is also unsuitable for process applications or for preparing trade estimates.