1.1 这些参考射线照片 2. 说明截面厚度高达2英寸的钢铸件中出现的各种类型、类型和严重程度的不连续性。（50.8毫米）（见 注释2 ). 参考射线底片是本标准的附属品，如有必要，必须从ASTM International单独购买（见 2.2 ). 这些参考射线照片所代表的每种不连续类型的类别和严重程度如所述 1.3 . 注1: 这些参考射线照片的应用基础需要事先获得买方-供应商关于第节所述射线检测属性和分类标准的协议 4. , 6. 和 7. 符合本标准。 注2: 先前用于该厚度范围的参考射线照片带有名称 E71型 ，但包括现在很少使用的伽马射线源，即镭。当前文件也通过包含几个公认的 收缩 或 C 通过消除裂纹和热撕裂类别，每个不连续类型的一个示例除外。较厚截面的参考射线照片可在参考射线照片中找到 E186 和 E280 . 参考射线照片E446和 E186 为相同能级范围内的类似不连续类别提供一些严重性级别重叠（参见 4.3 , 5.1 和 6.3 ). 1.2 这些胶片参考射线照片不是为了说明在进行数字射线照相时在钢铸件中发现的不连续的类型和程度。如果对高达2英寸的钢铸件进行数字射线照相。厚度为（50.8 mm），参考数字参考图像标准 E2868年 . 1.3 这些参考射线照片由三个单独的卷组成（见 附注3 )具体如下:( 我 )中压（标称250 kV）X射线。( 二、 )1mV X射线和铱-192辐射，以及( 三、 )2-MV至4-MV X射线和钴-60辐射。除非买方-供应商协议中另有规定（见 1. 1. )，每卷仅用于与辐射能量水平在本标准涵盖的厚度范围内的生产射线照片进行比较。每卷由六类严重程度不断增加的分级不连续和四类未分级不连续组成。包含未分级不连续性的参考射线照片可作为识别不需要严重程度的特定铸件不连续性类型的指南。以下是本标准辅助参考射线照片的不连续类别、类型和严重程度列表: 1.3.1 A类- 气体孔隙度； 严重性级别1至5。 1.3.2 B类- 砂和夹渣；严重性级别1至5。 1.3.3 C类- 收缩4种类型: 1.3.3.1 Ca线性收缩- 严重性级别1至5。 1.3.3.2 Cb羽状收缩- 严重性级别1至5。 1.3.3.3 Cc海绵收缩- 严重性级别1至5。 1.3.3.4 Cd线性收缩、羽状收缩和海绵收缩的组合- 严重性级别1至5。 1.3.4 D类- 裂纹1插图。 1.3.5 E类- 热撕裂；1插图。 1.3.6 F类- 插入1插图。 1.3.7 G类- 斑点；1插图。 注3: 参考射线照片包括以下内容: 第一卷:中压 ( 标称250 kVp )X射线参考射线照片一套34幅插图（标称5×7英寸）15 x 17英寸。环形活页夹。 第二卷:1mV X射线和铱-192参考射线照片 -一套34幅插图（标称5×7英寸）15 x 17英寸。环形活页夹。 第三卷:2- 中压 至4- 中压 X射线和钴-60参考射线照片 -一套34幅插图（标称5×7英寸）15 x 17英寸。环形活页夹。 注4: 虽然所有三卷都列出了G类-斑点，但斑点的出现取决于辐射能量的水平。斑点在第一卷中显得相当突出；然而，由于辐射能量水平较高，第二卷和第三卷中的斑点可能不明显。 1.4 有时，参考射线照片辅助材料的制造工艺可能会有微小变化。这些变化可能包括所用薄膜或加工化学品的变化、硬纸板垫模具或印刷的变化等。；然而，在所有情况下，这些变化均由插图监测小组委员会审查，并根据固定原型图像审查所有参考射线照片，以确保参考射线照片所代表的验收水平没有变化。因此，无论文本标准的生产日期或修订水平如何，附加参考射线照片均适用于本标准。 1.5 单位- 以英寸-磅为单位的数值应视为标准值。括号中给出的值是到国际单位制的数学转换，仅供参考，不被视为标准值。 1.6 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.7 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 4.1 根据本标准使用参考射线照片的人员应根据国家或国际公认的无损检测人员资格认证惯例或标准（如ANSI/ASNT-CP-189、SNT-TC-1A、NAS 410、ISO 9712或类似文件）进行射线照相解释，并经业主或认证机构认证（如适用）。使用的惯例或标准及其适用版本应在使用方之间的合同协议中确定。应提供经认证的三级人员，以协助解释适用于参考射线照片的规范和产品要求（如果三级人员是射线照相口译员，则可能是同一个人）。 4.2 分级参考射线照片旨在为识别典型制造过程中可能遇到的特定铸件不连续类型和相对严重程度提供指南。包含未分级不连续性的参考射线照片可作为识别不需要严重程度的特定铸件不连续性类型的指南。这些参考射线照片旨在作为制造商和买方通过相互协议选择特定不连续等级作为代表最低可接受水平的标准的基础（见第节） 6. 和 7. ). 4.3 当确定适用于铸造服务应用时，本标准代表的参考射线照片可用于本标准范围外的能级、厚度或两者，如买方-供应商协议中约定。类似不连续类别的严重程度和参考射线照片的能级范围 E186 如果买方-供应商协议中同意，也可以使用参考射线照片，具体视铸造服务应用而定（见 注释2 和 5.1 ). 4.4 第节规定了使用本标准适用参考射线照片评估生产射线照片的程序 8. ; 然而，可能存在涉及特定铸造服务应用的制造买方问题，在这些应用中可能需要修改或更改此类要求。如果此类修改可能适用于铸造应用，则所有此类变更应在买方-供应商协议或合同文件中明确规定。部分 9 解决了可能需要补焊的买方供应商要求。

1.1 These reference radiographs 2 illustrate various categories, types, and severity levels of discontinuities occurring in steel castings that have section thicknesses up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) (see Note 2 ). The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this standard and must be purchased separately from ASTM International, if needed (see 2.2 ). Categories and severity levels for each discontinuity type represented by these reference radiographs are described in 1.3 . Note 1: The basis of application for these reference radiographs requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination attributes and classification criterion as described in Sections 4 , 6 , and 7 of this standard. Note 2: Reference radiographs previously used for this thickness range carried the designation E71 , but included a now rarely used gamma source, that is, radium. The current document is also updated by inclusion of several recognized shrinkage or C categories and by elimination of the crack and hot tear categories, except for one example of each of these discontinuity types. Reference radiographs for thicker sections may be found in Reference Radiographs E186 and E280 . Reference Radiographs E446 and E186 provide some overlap of severity levels for similar discontinuity categories within the same energy level range (see 4.3 , 5.1 , and 6.3 ). 1.2 These film reference radiographs are not intended to illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found in steel castings when performing digital radiography. If performing digital radiography of steel castings up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in thickness, refer to Digital Reference Image Standard E2868 . 1.3 These reference radiographs consist of three separate volumes (see Note 3 ) as follows: ( I ) medium voltage (nominal 250-kV) X-rays. ( II ) 1-MV X-rays and Iridium-192 radiation, and ( III ) 2-MV to 4-MV X-rays and cobalt-60 radiation. Unless otherwise specified in a purchaser supplier agreement (see 1.1 ), each volume is for comparison only with production radiographs produced with radiation energy levels within the thickness range covered by this standard. Each volume consists of six categories of graded discontinuities of increasing severity level and four categories of ungraded discontinuities. Reference radiographs containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels are not needed. Following is a list of discontinuity categories, types and severity levels for the adjunct reference radiographs of this standard: 1.3.1 Category A— Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5. 1.3.2 Category B— Sand and slag inclusions; severity levels 1 through 5. 1.3.3 Category C— Shrinkage; 4 types: 1.3.3.1 Ca—linear shrinkage— Severity levels 1 through 5. 1.3.3.2 Cb—feathery shrinkage— Severity levels 1 through 5. 1.3.3.3 Cc—sponge shrinkage— Severity levels 1 through 5. 1.3.3.4 Cd—combinations of linear, feathery and sponge shrinkage— Severity levels 1 through 5. 1.3.4 Category D— Crack; 1 illustration. 1.3.5 Category E— Hot tear; 1 illustration. 1.3.6 Category F— Insert; 1 illustration. 1.3.7 Category G— Mottling; 1 illustration. Note 3: The reference radiographs consist of the following: Volume I: Medium Voltage ( nominal 250 kVp ) X-ray Reference Radiographs—set of 34 illustrations (nominal 5 by 7 in.) in a 15 by 17-in. ring binder. Volume II: 1-MV X-rays and Iridium-192 Reference Radiographs —Set of 34 illustrations (nominal 5 by 7 in.) in a 15 by 17-in. ring binder. Volume III: 2- MV to 4- MV X-rays and Cobalt-60 Reference Radiographs —Set of 34 illustrations (nominal 5 by 7 in.) in a 15 by 17-in. ring binder. Note 4: Although Category G–Mottling is listed for all three volumes, the appearance of mottling is dependent on the level of radiation energy. Mottling appears reasonably prominent in Volume I; however, because of the higher radiation energy levels mottling may not be apparent in Volume II nor Volume III. 1.4 From time to time, there may be minor changes to the process for manufacturing of the reference radiograph adjunct materials. These changes could include changes in the films or processing chemicals used, changes in the dies or printing for the cardboard mats, etc.; however, in all cases, these changes are reviewed by the Illustration Monitoring Subcommittee and all reference radiographs are reviewed against a fixed prototype image to ensure that there are no changes to the acceptance level represented by the reference radiographs. Therefore, the adjunct reference radiographs remain valid for use with this standard regardless of the date of production or the revision level of the text standard. 1.5 Units— The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 Personnel utilizing reference radiographs to this standard shall be qualified and authorized to perform radiographic interpretation in accordance with a nationally or internationally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or standard such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS 410, ISO 9712, or a similar document and certified by the employer or certifying agency, as applicable. The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shall be identified in the contractual agreement between the using parties. A certified Level III shall be available to assist with interpreting specifications and product requirements as applied to the reference radiographs (if the Level III is the radiographic interpreter, this may be the same person). 4.2 Graded reference radiographs are intended to provide a guide enabling recognition of specific casting discontinuity types and relative severity levels that may be encountered during typical fabrication processes. Reference radiographs containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels are not needed. These reference radiographs are intended as a basis from which manufacturers and purchasers may, by mutual agreement, select particular discontinuity classes to serve as standards representing minimum levels of acceptability (see Sections 6 and 7 ). 4.3 Reference radiographs represented by this standard may be used, as agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement, for energy levels, thicknesses, or both, outside the range of this standard when determined applicable for the casting service application. Severity levels of similar discontinuity categories and energy level range of Reference Radiographs E186 reference radiographs may alternatively be used, as determined appropriate for the casting service application, if so agreed upon in the purchaser supplier agreement (see Note 2 and 5.1 ). 4.4 Procedures for evaluation of production radiographs using applicable reference radiographs of this standard are prescribed in Section 8 ; however, there may be manufacturing-purchaser issues involving specific casting service applications where it may be appropriate to modify or alter such requirements. Where such modifications may be appropriate for the casting application, all such changes shall be specifically called-out in the purchaser supplier agreement or contractual document. Section 9 addresses purchaser supplier requisites for where weld repairs may be required.