1.1 这些试验方法涵盖了确定锻钢中非金属夹杂物含量的一些公认程序。宏观方法包括宏观蚀刻、断裂、降压和磁粉测试。显微镜检查方法包括五种公认的检查系统。在这些微观方法中，夹杂物根据形态的相似性而不一定根据其化学特性被划分为一个类别。简要讨论了允许在形态相似的夹杂物之间进行简单区分的金相技术。虽然这些方法主要用于对夹杂物进行评级，但可以使用一些微观方法对碳化物、氮化物、碳氮化物、硼化物和金属间相等成分进行评级。在某些情况下，可以使用这些方法中的一种或多种对钢以外的合金进行评级； 将根据它们在钢上的用途来描述这些方法。 1.2 这些测试方法包括根据显微镜方法A和D使用自动图像分析进行JK型夹杂物评级的程序。 1.3 根据钢的类型和所需的性能，确定夹杂物含量的宏观或微观方法，或这两种方法的组合，可能是最令人满意的。 1.4 这些试验方法只涉及推荐的试验方法，其中的任何内容都不应被解释为定义或确定任何级别钢的可接受性限制。 1.5 以国际单位制表示的数值应视为标准。SI单位后括号中给出的值仅供参考，不视为标准值。 1.6 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。 本标准的使用者有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.7 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 ===意义和用途====== 4.1 这些测试方法包括四种宏观和五种微观测试方法（手动和图像分析），用于描述钢的夹杂物含量和表达测试结果的程序。 4.2 夹杂物的特征是大小、形状、浓度和分布，而不是化学成分。 尽管成分尚未确定，但显微镜方法将夹杂物分为几个与成分相关的类别之一（硫化物、氧化物和硅酸盐——最后一种是氧化物）。段落 11.1.1 描述了一种便于夹杂物鉴别的金相技术。只能检测到试验表面存在的夹杂物。 4.3 宏观测试方法比微观测试方法评估更大的表面积，并且由于检查是视觉检查或在低放大率下进行的，这些方法最适合检测更大的夹杂物。宏观方法不适用于检测小于约0.40mm的夹杂物( 1. / 64 in.），并且该方法不按类型区分夹杂物。 4.4 微观测试方法用于表征脱氧或在固态钢中溶解度有限而形成的夹杂物（原生夹杂物）。 如中所述 1.1 这些微观测试方法根据形态类型，即尺寸、形状、浓度和分布，但不具体根据成分，对夹杂物的严重程度和类型进行评分。这些夹杂物的特征是形态类型，即尺寸、形状、浓度和分布，但不具体是成分。微观方法不适用于评估外源夹杂物（来自夹渣或耐火材料的夹杂物）的含量。如果对夹杂物是本地的还是外源的存在争议，可以使用能量色散X射线光谱（EDS）等微量分析技术来帮助确定夹杂物的性质。然而，必须利用铸造工艺和生产材料的经验和知识，如脱氧、脱硫和夹杂物形状控制添加剂以及耐火材料和炉衬成分，以及微观分析结果，以确定夹杂物是本地的还是外源的 4.5 由于给定批次钢材中的夹杂物数量随位置而变化，因此必须对该批次进行统计采样，以评估其夹杂物含量。抽样程度必须适合批量大小及其特定特性。夹杂物含量非常低的材料可以通过自动图像分析进行更准确的评级，这允许更精确的微观评级。 4.6 宏观和微观试验方法的结果可用于鉴定装运材料，但这些试验方法不提供验收或拒收指南。评估通过这些方法开发的数据的资格标准可以在ASTM产品标准中找到，也可以在买方-生产商协议中描述。根据生产商和采购商之间的协议，可以修改这些测试方法，以仅计算某些夹杂物类型和厚度，或仅计算超过特定严重程度的夹杂物，或同时计算两者。 此外，经同意，如果仅定义了每种夹杂物类型和厚度的最高严重性评级，或者将包含这些最高严重性等级的字段数量制成表格，则可以使用定性实践。 4.7 这些试验方法适用于锻造金属结构。虽然没有规定最小变形水平，但试验方法不适用于铸造结构或轻加工结构。 4.8 提供了用稀土添加剂或含钙化合物处理的钢中夹杂物评级指南。当对此类钢进行评估时，测试报告应描述根据每个夹杂物类别（A、B、C、D）评定的夹杂物的性质。 4.9 除了试验方法 E45 JK评级，基本（如实践中使用 E1245 )立体测量（例如，硫化物和氧化物的体积分数、每平方毫米硫化物或氧化物的数量、夹杂物之间的间距等）可以单独确定并添加到测试报告中，如果需要更多信息的话。 然而，这一做法并未涉及此类参数的测量。

1.1 These test methods cover a number of recognized procedures for determining the nonmetallic inclusion content of wrought steel. Macroscopic methods include macroetch, fracture, step-down, and magnetic particle tests. Microscopic methods include five generally accepted systems of examination. In these microscopic methods, inclusions are assigned to a category based on similarities in morphology, and not necessarily on their chemical identity. Metallographic techniques that allow simple differentiation between morphologically similar inclusions are briefly discussed. While the methods are primarily intended for rating inclusions, constituents such as carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, borides, and intermetallic phases may be rated using some of the microscopic methods. In some cases, alloys other than steels may be rated using one or more of these methods; the methods will be described in terms of their use on steels. 1.2 These test methods cover procedures to perform JK-type inclusion ratings using automatic image analysis in accordance with microscopic methods A and D. 1.3 Depending on the type of steel and the properties required, either a macroscopic or a microscopic method for determining the inclusion content, or combinations of the two methods, may be found most satisfactory. 1.4 These test methods deal only with recommended test methods and nothing in them should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability for any grade of steel. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 These test methods cover four macroscopic and five microscopic test methods (manual and image analysis) for describing the inclusion content of steel and procedures for expressing test results. 4.2 Inclusions are characterized by size, shape, concentration, and distribution rather than chemical composition. Although compositions are not identified, Microscopic methods place inclusions into one of several composition-related categories (sulfides, oxides, and silicates—the last as a type of oxide). Paragraph 11.1.1 describes a metallographic technique to facilitate inclusion discrimination. Only those inclusions present at the test surface can be detected. 4.3 The macroscopic test methods evaluate larger surface areas than microscopic test methods and because examination is visual or at low magnifications, these methods are best suited for detecting larger inclusions. Macroscopic methods are not suitable for detecting inclusions smaller than about 0.40 mm ( 1 / 64 in.) in length and the methods do not discriminate inclusions by type. 4.4 The microscopic test methods are employed to characterize inclusions that form as a result of deoxidation or due to limited solubility in solid steel (indigenous inclusions). As stated in 1.1 , these microscopic test methods rate inclusion severities and types based on morphological type, that is, by size, shape, concentration, and distribution, but not specifically by composition. These inclusions are characterized by morphological type, that is, by size, shape, concentration, and distribution, but not specifically by composition. The microscopic methods are not intended for assessing the content of exogenous inclusions (those from entrapped slag or refractories). In case of a dispute whether an inclusion is indigenous or exogenous, microanalytical techniques such as energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) may be used to aid in determining the nature of the inclusion. However, experience and knowledge of the casting process and production materials, such as deoxidation, desulfurization, and inclusion shape control additives as well as refractory and furnace liner compositions must be employed with the microanalytical results to determine if an inclusion is indigenous or exogenous 4.5 Because the inclusion population within a given lot of steel varies with position, the lot must be statistically sampled in order to assess its inclusion content. The degree of sampling must be adequate for the lot size and its specific characteristics. Materials with very low inclusion contents may be more accurately rated by automatic image analysis, which permits more precise microscopic ratings. 4.6 Results of macroscopic and microscopic test methods may be used to qualify material for shipment, but these test methods do not provide guidelines for acceptance or rejection purposes. Qualification criteria for assessing the data developed by these methods can be found in ASTM product standards or may be described by purchaser-producer agreements. By agreements between producer and purchaser, these test methods may be modified to count only certain inclusion types and thicknesses, or only those inclusions above a certain severity level, or both. Also, by agreement, qualitative practices may be used where only the highest severity ratings for each inclusion type and thickness are defined or the number of fields containing these highest severity ratings are tabulated. 4.7 These test methods are intended for use on wrought metallic structures. While a minimum level of deformation is not specified, the test methods are not suitable for use on cast structures or on lightly worked structures. 4.8 Guidelines are provided to rate inclusions in steels treated with rare earth additions or calcium-bearing compounds. When such steels are evaluated, the test report should describe the nature of the inclusions rated according to each inclusion category (A, B, C, D). 4.9 In addition to the Test Methods E45 JK ratings, basic (such as used in Practice E1245 ) stereological measurements (for example, the volume fraction of sulfides and oxides, the number of sulfides or oxides per square millimeter, the spacing between inclusions, and so forth) may be separately determined and added to the test report, if desired for additional information. This practice, however, does not address the measurement of such parameters.