1.1 本规程涵盖了使用薄壁金属管对粘性土壤、有机土壤或细粒土壤或其组合进行取样的程序，该金属管通过液压操作活塞插入土壤地层。它用于收集相对完整的土壤样本，适用于实验室测试，以确定岩土工程和环境现场特征的结构和化学特性。 1.1.1 按照惯例保存和运输样品的指南 D4220/D4220米 可能适用。用于分类的样品可以使用类似于A类的程序进行保存。在大多数情况下，薄壁管样品可以被视为B、C或D类。参考指南 D6169/D6169米 用于使用液压操作的固定活塞土壤采样器进行环境现场表征。这种采样方法经常与旋转钻井方法结合使用，例如流体旋转；指导 D5783 ；和空心螺旋钻，实践 D6151/D6151M 采样数据应根据指南在现场日志中报告 D5434 。 1.2 液压操作的固定活塞采样器仅限于土壤和松散材料，这些材料可以在不超过薄壁管结构强度的情况下使用可用的液压进行渗透。本标准适用于陆地或浅水钻孔中使用的典型液压活塞采样器。该标准不涉及用于深海应用的专业海上采样器，这些采样器可能是液压操作的，也可能不是液压操作的。本标准不涉及其他类型的机械式高级活塞采样器的操作。 有关其他土壤采样器的信息，请参阅指南 D6169/D6169米 。 1.3 单位-- 以英寸磅单位或国际单位制（括号内）表示的数值应单独视为标准。每个系统中规定的值可能不是完全相等的；因此，每个系统应独立使用。将两个系统的值合并可能导致不符合标准。以其他单位报告结果不应被视为不符合本标准。 1.4 所有观测值和计算值应符合实践中制定的有效数字和四舍五入指南 D6026 ，除非被本标准取代。 1.5 本规程并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有），可能涉及危险材料、设备和操作的使用。本规程的使用者有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境规程，并确定监管限制的适用性。 此外，用户在使用此做法时，必须遵守普遍的监管规范，如OSHA（职业健康与安全管理局）指南。关于良好的安全实践，请参阅适用的OSHA法规和其他钻井安全指南。 2. 1.6 此实践提供了一套用于执行一个或多个特定操作的说明。这种做法不能取代教育或经验，应与专业判断结合使用。并非此做法的所有方面都适用于所有情况。 这种做法并不代表或取代判断特定专业服务是否充分的护理标准，也不应在不考虑项目许多独特方面的情况下应用本文件。标题中的“标准”一词仅表示该文件已通过ASTM共识程序批准。该实践并不旨在全面解决与土壤取样相关的所有方法和潜在问题。用户应寻求合格的专业人员来决定最成功的现场勘探设备和方法。 其他方法也可用于土壤钻探和取样，合格的专业人员应灵活判断本实践中未涵盖的可能替代方案。该做法在发布时是现行的，但在修订之前可能会有新的替代方法，因此，用户应在指定程序要求之前咨询制造商或生产商。 1.7 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 5.1 液压操作的固定活塞采样器用于收集土壤样本，用于地质调查、土壤化学成分研究和水质调查的实验室或现场测试和分析。当试图用薄壁管回收不稳定土壤时，有时会使用采样器。实践 D1587/D1587米 ，不成功。可以使用液压固定活塞采样器的几种调查类型的例子包括含有软沉积物的建筑工地地基研究、需要评估软土层的公路和坝基调查、利用浮动结构的湿地交叉口以及危险废物现场调查。 液压操作的固定活塞采样器提供了必要的样本，以确定土壤的物理和化学成分，在某些情况下，还包括孔隙流体（见指南 D6169/D6169米 )。 5.2 液压操作的固定活塞采样器可以提供相对完整的软或松散地层材料的土壤样本，用于测试，以确定有关土壤物理特性的准确信息。可以测试软地层材料的样品，以确定许多土壤特性，例如:； 土壤地层学、粒度、含水量、渗透性、抗剪强度、压缩性等。如果规定在样品采集过程中使用清洁、净化的工具，也可以从样品中确定软地层土壤的化学成分。现场挤出的样品可以进行现场筛选或实验室分析，以确定土壤和所含孔隙流体的化学成分。使用密封或保护的采样工具、套管钻孔和适当的推进技术可以帮助采集具有良好代表性的样本。 了解现场的地下条件是有益的。 5.3 在所有情况下，使用这种做法可能不是调查较软地层的正确方法。与所有采样方法一样，地下条件会影响所用样本采集设备和方法的性能。例如，研究表明，由于排水，干净的沙子在取样过程中可能会发生体积变化。 5. 液压操作的固定活塞式取样器通常对无侧限、不排水剪切强度超过2的粘性地层无效。 0吨/平方英尺，粗砂，含有巨石和鹅卵石的压实砾石土，压实砾石，胶结土或固体岩石。这些地层可能会损坏样品或导致拒绝穿透。钻孔底部的少量砾石或砾石岩屑会导致管道弯曲和变形，从而导致样品扰动。某些粘性土壤，取决于其含水量，会在薄壁管上产生摩擦力，该摩擦力可能超过水力输送力。 一些岩层可能风化成柔软或松散的沉积物，其中液压操作的固定活塞采样器可能起作用。地下水的缺乏会影响这种采样工具的性能，并且由于这种采样方法会将水引入钻孔，因此当水被用作活化液时，它可能不适合在地下水位以上进行采样。与所有取样和钻孔推进方法一样，必须采取预防措施，防止污染物通过钻孔向上或向下迁移而对含水层造成交叉污染。 请参阅指南 D6286/D6286米 关于选择钻井方法进行环境现场表征，以获取有关危险废物现场工作的更多信息。 注1: 本标准产生的结果的质量取决于执行该标准的人员的能力以及所用设备和设施的适用性。符合实践标准的机构 D3740 通常被认为能够胜任和客观的测试/取样/检查等。提醒本规程的用户遵守规程 D3740 其本身不能保证可靠的结果。可靠的结果取决于许多因素；实践 D3740 提供了评估其中一些因素的方法。 实践 D3740 是为从事土壤和岩石实验室测试和/或检查的机构开发的。因此，它并不完全适用于执行这种做法的机构。然而，该实践的使用者必须认识到实践的框架 D3740 适用于评估执行此做法的机构的质量。 目前，没有已知的合格的国家当局来检查执行这种做法的机构。

1.1 This practice covers a procedure for sampling of cohesive, organic, or fine-grained soils, or combination thereof, using a thin-walled metal tube that is inserted into the soil formation by means of a hydraulically operated piston. It is used to collect relatively intact soil samples suitable for laboratory tests to determine structural and chemical properties for geotechnical and environmental site characterizations. 1.1.1 Guidance on preservation and transport of samples in accordance with Practice D4220/D4220M may apply. Samples for classification may be preserved using procedures similar to Class A. In most cases, a thin-walled tube sample can be considered as Class B, C, or D. Refer to Guide D6169/D6169M for use of the hydraulically operated stationary piston soil sampler for environmental site characterization. This sampling method is often used in conjunction with rotary drilling methods such as fluid rotary; Guide D5783 ; and hollow stem augers, Practice D6151/D6151M . Sampling data shall be reported in the field log in accordance with Guide D5434 . 1.2 The hydraulically operated stationary piston sampler is limited to soils and unconsolidated materials that can be penetrated with the available hydraulic pressure that can be applied without exceeding the structural strength of the thin-walled tube. This standard addresses typical hydraulic piston samplers used on land or shallow water in drill holes. The standard does not address specialized offshore samplers for deep marine applications that may or may not be hydraulically operated. This standard does not address operation of other types of mechanically advanced piston samplers. For information on other soil samplers, refer to Guide D6169/D6169M . 1.3 Units— The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units [presented in brackets] are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Reporting of results in units other than shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard. 1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026 , unless superseded by this standard. 1.5 This practice does not purport to address all the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use and may involve use of hazardous materials, equipment, and operations. It is the responsibility of the user of this practice to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Also, the user must comply with prevalent regulatory codes, such as OSHA (Occupational Health and Safety Administration) guidelines, while using this practice. For good safety practice, consult applicable OSHA regulations and other safety guides on drilling. 2 1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This practice cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgement. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This practice is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process. This practice does not purport to comprehensively address all of the methods and potential issues associated with sampling of soil. Users should seek qualified professionals for decisions as to the proper equipment and methods that would be most successful for their site exploration. Other methods may be available for drilling and sampling of soil, and qualified professionals should have flexibility to exercise judgment as to possible alternatives not covered in this practice. The practice is current at the time of issue, but new alternative methods may become available prior to revisions, therefore, users should consult with manufacturers or producers prior to specifying program requirements. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 Hydraulically operated stationary piston samplers are used to gather soil samples for laboratory or field testing and analysis for geologic investigations, soil chemical composition studies, and water quality investigations. The sampler is sometimes used when attempts to recover unstable soils with thin-walled tubes, Practice D1587/D1587M , are unsuccessful. Examples of a few types of investigations in which hydraulic stationary piston samplers may be used include building site foundation studies containing soft sediments, highway and dam foundation investigations where softer soil formation need evaluation, wetland crossings utilizing floating structures, and hazardous waste site investigations. Hydraulically operated stationary piston samplers provide specimens necessary to determine the physical and chemical composition of soils and, in certain circumstances, contained pore fluids (see Guide D6169/D6169M ). 5.2 Hydraulically operated stationary piston samplers can provide relatively intact soil samples of soft or loose formation materials for testing to determine accurate information on the physical characteristics of that soil. Samples of soft formation materials can be tested to determine numerous soil characteristics such as; soil stratigraphy, particle size, water content, permeability, shear strength, compressibility, and so forth. The chemical composition of soft formation soils can also be determined from the sample if provisions are made to ensure that clean, decontaminated tools are used in the sample gathering procedure. Field-extruded samples can be field-screened or laboratory-analyzed to determine the chemical composition of soil and contained pore fluids. Using sealed or protected sampling tools, cased boreholes, and proper advancement techniques can help in the acquisition of good representative samples. A general knowledge of subsurface conditions at the site is beneficial. 5.3 The use of this practice may not be the correct method for investigations of softer formations in all cases. As with all sampling methods, subsurface conditions affect the performance of the sample gathering equipment and methods used. For example, research indicates that clean sands may undergo volume changes in the sampling process, due to drainage. 5 The hydraulically operated stationary piston sampler is generally not effective for cohesive formations with unconfined, undrained shear strength in excess of 2.0 tons per square foot, coarse sands, compact gravelly tills containing boulders and cobbles, compacted gravel, cemented soil, or solid rock. These formations may damage the sample or cause refusal to penetration. A small percentage of gravel or gravel cuttings in the base of the borehole can cause the tube to bend and deform, resulting in sample disturbance. Certain cohesive soils, depending on their water content, can create friction on the thin-walled tube which can exceed the hydraulic delivery force. Some rock formations can weather into soft or loose deposits where the hydraulically operated stationary piston sampler may be functional. The absence of groundwater can affect the performance of this sampling tool, and since this sampling method can introduce water to the borehole, it may not be suitable for sampling above the groundwater table when water is utilized as the activation fluid. As with all sampling and borehole advancement methods, precautions must be taken to prevent cross-contamination of aquifers through migration of contaminates up or down the borehole. Refer to Guide D6286/D6286M on selecting drilling methods for environmental site characterization for additional information about work at hazardous waste sites. Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this practice are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors. Practice D3740 was developed for agencies engaged in the laboratory testing and/or inspection of soil and rock. As such, it is not totally applicable to agencies performing this practice. However, user of this practice must recognize that the framework of Practice D3740 is appropriate for evaluating the quality of an agency performing this practice. Currently, there is no known qualifying national authority that inspects agencies that perform this practice.