地理和气候对住宅净零能耗建筑（NZEB）可行性的影响尚未通过模拟或测量进行彻底探索。本文详细介绍了一项建筑节能建模工作:1）将被动式低能耗设计策略和能效措施分别应用于六种不同美国气候下的全电力兼容住宅；2）选择这些策略和措施的组合，以实现低能耗建筑，3）将预测的能源消耗输出与太阳能光伏（PV）模型的输出配对，这允许光伏阵列的适当尺寸，以满足NZEB的要求。每年、每月和每小时对结果进行探索，以确定在多种气候条件下实现住宅NZEB的一些挑战。据估计，选定的一套低能耗设计策略可将年能耗降低19%- 根据气候，与符合基线规范的家庭相比，为30%。实现净零能量状态所需的光伏系统容量在平均日照最低和最高的最冷和最暖气候之间变化超过两倍。模拟还显示，光伏系统的发电量足以完全满足一年中不到三分之二的小时需求（并随季节变化），而在一年中剩余的三分之一小时内，超大规模的光伏发电量大大超过了需求。如果NZEB在未来被广泛采用，电网可能并不总是能够处理过剩的现场发电，并且将需要储能选项来维持平衡。此外，光伏生产所满足的小时需求比例的地区差异引发了关于NZEB对电厂排放净影响的问题。最后，应进一步探索光伏以外的替代能源，以便在不同气候条件下广泛应用NZEB。 引文:内华达州拉斯维加斯ASHRAE会议论文

The effects of geography and climate on the feasibility of residential net-zero energy buildings (NZEBs) have not been thoroughly explored by either simulations or measurements. This paper details a building energy modeling effort that 1) applies passive low-energy design strategies and energy-efficiency measures individually to an all-electric baseline codecompliant residence in six different U.S. climates, 2) selects a combination of those strategies and measures to apply in order to achieve a low-energy building, and 3) pairs the predicted energy consumption output with output from a solar photovoltaic (PV) model, which allows proper sizing of the PV array in order to satisfy the requirements of a NZEB. The results are explored on an annual, monthly, and hourly basis in order to identify some of the challenges of attaining a residential NZEB in multiple climates. The chosen suite of low-energy design strategies is estimated to reduce annual energy consumption by 19-30% relative to the baseline code-compliant home, depending on climate. The PV system capacity required to achieve net-zero energy status varies by more than a factor of two between the coldest and warmest climates with the lowest and highest average insolation. The simulations also reveal that electricity production from PV systems provides enough energy to completely cover hourly demand less than two-thirds of the typical year (and varies by season), while oversized PV production greatly exceeds demand during the remaining one-third of the hours of the year. If NZEBs are widely adopted in the future, the electric grid may not always be able to handle excess on-site generation and energy storage options will be required to maintain the balance. In addition, regional differences in the fraction of hourly demand met by PV production raise questions about the net effect of NZEBs on power plant emissions. Finally, alternative energy sources other than PV should be further explored for widespread application of NZEBs in different climates.