1.1 这些指南提供了为特定工程目的选择合适岩体分类系统的方法，例如隧道和竖井开挖、岩室开挖、地面支护、岩石边坡的修改和稳定以及基础和桥台的准备。这些分类系统也可用于岩石可裂性、建筑材料质量和抗侵蚀性方面的工作。尽管本标准中处理了广泛使用的分类系统，但在某些情况下，此处未包括的系统可能更合适，并且可能会添加到本标准的后续版本中。 1.2 本标准的有效使用取决于之前对所服务的工程目的的完整定义，以及对工程现场地质和水文的完整和合格定义。此外，使用本标准的人员应具有研究岩石的现场经验- 质量行为。指南为岩石中大型地下开口的岩土工程制图提供了适当的参考 D4879 . 1.3 本标准确定了七个分类系统的基本特征。它不包括适用于可能有效使用特定系统的所有工程目的的详细指南。前五个系统的详细说明见STP 984 ( 1. ) , 2. 大量参考源文献。还介绍了其他两个分类系统的详细信息和七个日本系统的清单。 1.4 每个系统的应用范围自其创建以来都有所增加。本标准总结了迄今为止七个分类系统中每个分类系统的主要应用领域。 1.5 以国际单位制表示的数值应视为标准。括号中给出的值是英寸-磅单位的数学转换，仅供参考，不被视为标准值。 1.6 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.7 本标准提供了有组织的信息收集或一系列选项，并不推荐具体的行动方案。本文件不能取代教育或经验，应与专业判断结合使用。并非本标准的所有方面都适用于所有情况。本ASTM标准不代表或取代必须根据其判断给定专业服务的充分性的谨慎标准，也不应在不考虑项目的许多独特方面的情况下应用本文件。本文件标题中的“标准”一词仅表示该文件已通过ASTM共识程序获得批准。 1.8 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 4.1 本标准中包括的分类系统及其各自的应用如下: 4.1.1 岩体评级系统（RMR）或地质力学分类- 该系统已应用于隧道掘进、硬岩开采、煤矿开采、岩石边坡稳定性、岩石基础、可硼性、可裂性、可碎性、耐候性和岩石锚杆支护。 4.1.2 岩石结构评级系统（RSR）- 该系统已用于隧道支护和开挖以及采矿和施工中的其他地面支护工作。 4.1.3 Q系统或挪威岩土工程研究所系统（NGI）- 该系统已应用于隧道和硐室、可裂性、可开挖性、水力侵蚀性和顶板的地震稳定性- 岩石 4.1.4 统一岩石分类系统（URCS）- 该系统已应用于基础、开挖方法、边坡稳定性、土料的使用、土料的爆破特性以及地下水的输送。 4.1.5 岩石材料现场分类系统（RMFCS）- 该系统主要用于涉及浅开挖的应用，特别是在土方溢洪道的水力侵蚀性、可开挖性、岩石施工质量、流体传输和岩体稳定性方面 ( 2. ) . 4.1.6 新奥法（NATM）- 该系统用于常规（周期性，如钻孔和爆破）和连续（隧道掘进机或TBM）隧道。这是一种隧道施工程序，通过持续监测岩石位移，将设计扩展到施工阶段。修改支撑要求以实现稳定性 ( 3. ) . 注2: 奥地利标准 ( 4. ) 指定基于开挖量编码和支护方式的付款方法。 4.1.7 煤矿顶板额定值（CMRR）- 该系统适用于层状煤系岩石，尤其是受岩体不连续性影响的结构能力。共模抑制比的基本组成部分是单元额定值。这些单元是由其岩土特性定义的岩石层段，至少为0.15 m（6 in.）厚的使用其他岩土特性，将机组额定值合并到屋顶额定值中 ( 5. ) . 4.1.8 日本岩体分类系统- 日本工程地质学会已认可日本使用的七种主要分类系统 ( 6. ) . 总结如下: 4.1.8.1 – 4.1.8.7 ，本指南中没有其他详细信息。 4.1.8.1 铁路技术研究院对铁路隧道的岩体分类- 岩体根据 P -波速、无侧限抗压强度和单位重量。 根据获得的岩体分类，建议采用隧道支护模式，如喷射混凝土和锚杆支护。 4.1.8.2 日本公路株式会社对隧道和边坡的岩体分类- 该系统使用RQD对岩体进行分类， P -波速、无侧限抗压强度和单位重量。 4.1.8.3 建设部公共工程研究所坝基岩体分类- 在该系统中，通过观察节理间距、节理条件和岩石块强度对岩体进行分类。 4.1.8.4 农林渔业部水洞设计岩体分类- 岩体根据 P -波速、抗压强度和泊松比以及岩石类型。 4.1.8.5 中央电力工业研究院岩体分类- 该系统对岩石进行分类- 基于岩石类型和风化特征的岩体。 4.1.8.6 电力开发公司岩体分类- 该系统与中央电力工业研究院开发的系统有些相似（参见 4.1.8.5 ). 用于岩体分类的三个因素是风化、硬度和节理间距。 4.1.8.7 本州四国大桥管理局桥梁地基风化花岗岩岩体分类- 该系统使用岩体现场目视观察、地球物理测井、岩石样品实验室试验、旁压试验或其他形式的现场试验或其组合的结果来估计强度和刚度。 4.2 附录中列出的一般参考文献详细描述了其他分类系统。 4.3 使用该标准，分类器应能够确定哪个系统似乎最适合当前的指定工程目的。 下一步应研究选定分类系统的源文献和记录该系统在现实情况中的应用以及每种应用的成功程度的案例历史。附录和STP 984中提供了适当但并非详尽的参考资料 ( 1. ) . 分类器应认识到，采取查阅源文献的步骤可能导致放弃最初选择的分类系统并选择另一个系统，然后再次研究适当的源文献 . 注3: 本标准产生的结果的质量取决于执行该标准的人员的能力，以及所用设备和设施的适用性。符合实践标准的机构 D3740 通常认为能够胜任和客观的测试、抽样、检查等。本标准的用户应注意遵守惯例 D3740 本身不能确保可靠的结果。可靠的结果取决于许多因素。实践 D3740 提供了评估其中一些因素的方法。

1.1 These guides offer the selection of a suitable system of classification of rock mass for specific engineering purposes, such as tunneling and shaft-sinking, excavation of rock chambers, ground support, modification and stabilization of rock slopes, and preparation of foundations and abutments. These classification systems may also be of use in work on rippability of rock, quality of construction materials, and erosion resistance. Although widely used classification systems are treated in this standard, systems not included here may be more appropriate in some situations, and may be added to subsequent editions of this standard. 1.2 The valid, effective use of this standard is contingent upon the prior complete definition of the engineering purposes to be served and on the complete and competent definition of the geology and hydrology of the engineering site. Further, the person or persons using this standard shall have had field experience in studying rock-mass behavior. An appropriate reference for geotechnical mapping of large underground openings in rock is provided by Guide D4879 . 1.3 This standard identifies the essential characteristics of seven classification systems. It does not include detailed guidance for application to all engineering purposes for which a particular system might be validly used. Detailed descriptions of the first five systems are presented in STP 984 ( 1 ) , 2 with abundant references to source literature. Details of two other classification systems and a listing of seven Japanese systems are also presented. 1.4 The range of applications of each of the systems has grown since its inception. This standard summarizes the major fields of application up to this time of each of the seven classification systems. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pounds units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This standard offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education ore experience and shall be used in conjunction with professional judgement. Not all aspects of this standard may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor shall this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process. 1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 The classification systems included in this standard and their respective applications are as follows: 4.1.1 Rock Mass Rating System (RMR) or Geomechanics Classification— This system has been applied to tunneling, hard-rock mining, coal mining, stability of rock slopes, rock foundations, borability, rippability, dredgability, weatherability, and rock bolting. 4.1.2 Rock Structure Rating System (RSR)— This system has been used in tunnel support and excavation and in other ground support work in mining and construction. 4.1.3 The Q System or Norwegian Geotechnical Institute System (NGI)— This system has been applied to work on tunnels and chambers, rippability, excavatability, hydraulic erodibility, and seismic stability of roof-rock. 4.1.4 The Unified Rock Classification System (URCS)— This system has been applied to work on foundations, methods of excavation, slope stability, uses of earth materials, blasting characteristics of earth materials, and transmission of groundwater. 4.1.5 The Rock Material Field Classification System (RMFCS)— This system has been used mainly for applications involving shallow excavation, particularly with regard to hydraulic erodibility in earth spillways, excavatability, construction quality of rock, fluid transmission, and rock-mass stability ( 2 ) . 4.1.6 The New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM)— This system is used for both conventional (cyclical, such as drill-and-blast) and continuous (tunnel-boring machine or TBM) tunneling. This is a tunneling procedure in which design is extended into the construction phase by continued monitoring of rock displacement. Support requirements are revised to achieve stability ( 3 ) . Note 2: The Austrian standard ( 4 ) specifies methods of payment based on coding of excavation volume and means of support. 4.1.7 The Coal Mine Roof Rating (CMRR)— This system applies to bedded coal-measure rocks, in particular with regard to their structural competence as influenced by discontinuities in the rock mass. The basic building blocks of CMRR are unit ratings. The units are rock intervals defined by their geotechnical properties, and are at least 0.15 m (6 in.) thick. The unit ratings are combined into roof ratings, using additional geotechnical characteristics ( 5 ) . 4.1.8 Japanese Rock Mass Classification Systems— The Japanese Society of Engineering Geology has recognized seven major classification systems in use in Japan ( 6 ) . These are summarized in 4.1.8.1 – 4.1.8.7 , without additional details in this guide. 4.1.8.1 Rock-Mass Classification for Railway Tunnels by Railway Technical Research Institute— Rock-masses are classified based on the values of P -wave velocity, unconfined compressive strength and unit weight. Support patterns for tunnels, such as shotcreting and rock bolting, is recommended depending upon the rock-mass classification obtained. 4.1.8.2 Rock-Mass Classification for Tunnels and Slopes by Japan Highway Public Corporation— This system classifies the rock-mass using RQD, P -wave velocity, unconfined compressive strength and unit weight. 4.1.8.3 Rock-Mass Classification for Dam Foundations by Public Works Research Institute, Ministry of Construction— In this system, the rock-masses are classified by observing spacing of joints, conditions of joints and strength of rock pieces. 4.1.8.4 Rock-Mass Classification for Water Tunnel Design by The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries— The rock-mass is classified into four categories based on values of P -wave velocity, compressive strength and Poisson ratio as well as rock type. 4.1.8.5 Rock-Mass Classification by Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry— This system classifies rock-mass based on rock type and weathering characteristics. 4.1.8.6 Rock-Mass Classification by Electric-Power Development Company— This system is somewhat similar to the system developed by the Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (see 4.1.8.5 ). The three factors used for classifying rock-mass are weathering, hardness and joint spacing. 4.1.8.7 Rock-Mass Classification for Weathered Granite for Bridge Foundation by Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Authority— This system uses results of visual observations of rock-mass in-situ, geophysical logging, laboratory tests on rock samples, pressuremeter tests or other forms of in-situ tests or a combination thereof, to estimate strength and stiffness. 4.2 Other classification systems are described in detail in the general references listed in the appendix. 4.3 Using this standard, the classifier shall be able to decide which system appears to be most appropriate for the specified engineering purpose at hand. The next step shall be the study of the source literature on the selected classification system and on case histories documenting the application of that system to real-world situations and the degree of success of each such application. Appropriate but by no means exhaustive references for this purpose are provided in the appendix and in STP 984 ( 1 ) . The classifier shall realize that taking the step of consulting the source literature, which might lead to abandonment of the initially selected classification system and selection of another system, to be followed again by study of the appropriate source literature . Note 3: The quality of the results produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors. Practice D3740 provides a means for evaluating some of these factors.