为了解决季节性细菌再生问题，从1988年开始进行了一项多年的研究，比较了氯和氯胺作为二级消毒剂的效果。这项研究评估了这两种二级消毒剂的残留可达性和杀生效果。公众的反应也得到了评估。氯胺在残留可达性和生物杀灭效果方面始终优于氯。在氯胺化地区，最初的公众反应更为消极，然而，在研究的第二年，这一趋势似乎发生了逆转。如果公用设施位于环境敏感区域，则应考虑氯残留增加的环境影响，尤其是氯胺残留。

To address a seasonal bacterial regrowth problem, commencing in 1988 a multiple year study was carried out comparing chlorine and chloramine as secondary disinfectants. The study evaluated residual attainability and biocidal effectiveness of the two secondary disinfectants. Public response was also evaluated. Chloramine consistently outperformed chlorine in the areas of residual attainability and biocidal effectiveness. Initial public response was more negative in the chloraminated area, however, this trend appeared to reverse in the second year of the study. The environmental impact of increased chlorine residuals, especially a chloramine residual, should be considered if a utility is situated in an environmentally sensitive area.