1.1 本指南提供了关于受非水相液体（NAPL）影响的沉积物的样品收集、现场筛选和样品处理的注意事项，以帮助收集数据以评估NAPL在沉积物中的移动。影响NAPL在沉积物中侵位和移动的条件与旱地土壤明显不同。因此，已确定旱地土壤中NAPL运动评估框架对沉积物的适用性有限。 1.2 本指南适用于已确定存在或怀疑存在NAPL的沉积物现场。本指南中考虑的主要介质是沉积物，而不是地表水或地下水。 1.3 本指南的目标是为用于评估NAPL条件的样品收集、现场筛选和样品处理活动提供技术框架，特别是沉积物中的NAPL移动（即孔隙尺度的移动和NAPL体尺度的迁移），其可用于通知补救方案的制定和选择以及后处理- 补救监测活动。 1.4 本指南讨论了样本采集过程，包括直接方法（即核心和抓取样本）和间接方法（即DART） ® 2. ，激光诱导荧光和孔隙水采样器），用于评估沉积物中是否存在NAPL。 1.5 本指南讨论了NAPL影响沉积物评估的现场表征程序，包括目测筛选、分层评估、震动测试、紫外线测试、NAPL凹槽™ 3. 和顶空蒸汽监测。 1.6 本指南讨论了获取代表性样品的注意事项 现场 条件这包括用于评估沉积物完整性的方法、从沉积物层取回样品、岩芯识别、船上样品储存、从取芯装置取回样品、充分的样品回收、岩芯切割技术、从岩芯中取出样品以及样品冷冻/冷却注意事项。 1.7 本指南讨论了NAPL影响沉积物的储存和运输目标、方法和材料，重点是实验室NAPL流动性和岩土试验所取的样品。考虑因素包括样品包装和处理、储存温度和保持时间。 1.8 燃料、油、煤焦油和杂酚油等NAPL是本指南的主要重点。 1.9 单位- 以国际单位制或CGS单位表示的数值应视为标准。本标准不包括其他计量单位。 1.10 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.11 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 4.1 许多污染物，包括氯化溶剂和石油产品，以不混溶液体的形式进入地下，称为NAPL。了解NAPL在沉积物中的潜在侵位和运输机制是构成整体概念场地模型（CSM）的一个重要元素，该模型为 (1) 调查NAPL的性质和范围， (2) 评估人类和生态受体是否（以及如何）暴露于NAPL，以及 (3) 评估补救方案。此外，由于缺乏标准化的术语和表征协议，无法证明NAPL在沉积物中的潜在移动，因此需要本指南。 4.1.1 由于缺乏在不同的沉积物环境中表征NAPL运动的标准化方案，因此理解NAPL在沉积物中的存在和运动是复杂的。 文献检索表明，可用的适用研究有限。目前的研究重点是特定地点的沉积物NAPL流动性评估方法，但跨地点确定的通用方法或决策过程的应用受到限制。 4.1.2 沉积物中NAPL的移动（或缺乏移动）是为受NAPL影响的沉积物制定保护性补救方案以及对沉积物现场进行长期管理的关键因素。通过高地现场风险管理决策解决的典型暴露途径通常不适用于沉积物现场。相反，“现场表面沉积物生物活性层中的污染物通常会导致暴露。” ( 1. ) 5. 因为在水生环境中，底栖生物生活在表层沉积物中，以维持对含氧上覆水的访问。生物活性层下方的地下沉积物中存在的NAPL不会迁移，其上覆沉积物预计会保持原位（即未疏浚或侵蚀），不会对人类或生态受体构成风险，因为没有暴露途径。 因此，可能不保证对NAPL进行补救。因此，了解NAPL的存在、范围和潜在移动是管理受污染沉积物场地的关键因素。 4.2 本指南将帮助用户确定调查沉积物环境中NAPL的存在和特征的范围和方法选择。本指南概述了调查NAPL存在与否的样品收集、现场筛选和样品处理方法，以及沉积物环境中NAPL的特征。 4.2.1 本指南的使用支持多条证据线方法来评估沉积物中NAPL的运动。 4.2.2 本指南应用于支持NAPL影响沉积物现场筛选和样品收集的现有决策框架。 4.2.3 本指南无意为沉积物现场调查、风险评估、监测或补救行动提供具体指导。 4.3 沉积物中NAPL运动的评估是一门不断发展的科学。本指南提供了一个系统而灵活的决策框架，以适应监管机构和用户基于项目目标、现场复杂性、独特的现场特征、规划和监管要求、新制定的指南、新发布的科学研究、使用替代的科学方法和程序的方法变化，监管标准的变化、科学知识和技术能力的进步、多种证据方法以及不可预见的情况。 4.4 本指南的使用符合基于沉积物风险的纠正措施（RBCA）流程，该流程指导用户获取和评估适当的数据，并使用每一条数据来完善目标、目的、受体、暴露途径和CSM。随着沉积物RBCA过程的进行，在每个层次上得出的数据和结论有助于关注后续的分层评估。 该综合过程可为受NAPL影响的沉积物提供高效、经济的决策和及时、适当的响应行动。 4.5 本指南无意取代或取代联邦、州、地方或国际监管要求。本指南的用户应确认其工作所在司法管辖区的监管指南和要求。本指南可用于补充和支持此类要求。 4.5.1 本指南可供沉积物现场相关各方使用，包括监管机构、项目发起人、环境顾问、现场修复专业人员、环境承包商、分析测试实验室、数据审查员和用户以及其他利益相关者。 4.5.2 本指南并不取代聘请合格人员评估NAPL在沉积物中的侵位和移动的需要。本指南中描述的活动应由熟悉NAPL的人员进行- 受影响的沉积物现场特征和修复技术，以及沉积物NAPL移动评估协议。本指南的用户应考虑组建一个由经验丰富、具有适当专业知识的项目专业人员组成的团队，以确定范围、规划和执行沉积物NAPL数据采集活动。 4.6 在继续使用之前，本指南的用户应查看本指南的整体结构和组件，包括以下部分: 4.6.1 部分 1. :范围； 4.6.2 部分 2. :参考文件； 4.6.3 部分 3. :术语； 4.6.4 部分 4. :意义和用途； 4.6.5 部分 5. :NAPL机动性现场调查概述； 4.6.6 部分 6. :沉积物样品采集程序； 4.6.7 部分 7. :沉积物样品现场表征； 4.6.8 部分 8. :沉积物样品处理、储存和运输； 4.6.9 部分 9 :确定水力条件的现场方法； 4.6.10 部分 10 :关键字； 4.6.11 附录X1 :其他沉积物样品收集注意事项；和 4.6.12 附录X2 :案例研究。

1.1 This guide provides considerations to inform sample collection, field screening, and sample handling of sediments impacted with non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) to assist in data collection for the evaluation of NAPL movement in sediment. The conditions affecting NAPL emplacement and movement in sediments are significantly different than in upland soils. As such, the framework for the assessment of NAPL movement in upland soils has been determined to have limited applicability for sediments. 1.2 This guide is applicable to sediment sites where the presence or suspected presence of NAPL has been identified. Sediments are the subject media considered in this guide, not surface water or groundwater. 1.3 The goal of this guide is to provide a technical framework for sample collection, field screening, and sample handling activities used to evaluate NAPL conditions, in particular NAPL movement (that is, mobility at the pore scale and migration at the NAPL body scale) in sediments, which can be used to inform the development and selection of remedial options and post-remedial monitoring activities. 1.4 This guide discusses sample collection procedures, including direct methods (that is, core and grab samples) and indirect methods (that is, DART ® 2 , laser-induced florescence, and porewater samplers) for assessing NAPL presence or absence in sediment. 1.5 This guide discusses field characterization procedures for assessment of NAPL-impacted sediments including visual screening, stratification assessment, shake test, ultraviolet (UV) light test, NAPL FLUTe™ 3 , and headspace vapor monitoring. 1.6 This guide discusses considerations to obtain samples representative of in situ conditions. This includes methods used to evaluate sediment integrity, sample retrieval from the sediment bed, core identification, sample storage onboard the vessel, sample retrieval from the coring device, sufficient sample recovery, core cutting techniques, sample removal from the core, and sample freezing/cooling considerations. 1.7 This guide discusses the objectives, approaches, and materials for the storage and transport of NAPL-impacted sediment, focusing on samples taken for laboratory NAPL mobility and geotechnical tests. Considerations include sample packaging and handling, storage temperature, and hold times. 1.8 NAPLs such as fuels, oils, coal tar, and creosote are the primary focus of this guide. 1.9 Units— The values stated in SI or CGS units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 Many contaminants, including chlorinated solvents and petroleum products, enter the subsurface in the form of an immiscible liquid, known as a NAPL. Understanding the potential emplacement and transport mechanism for NAPL in sediment is an important element of an overall conceptual site model (CSM) that forms a basis for (1) investigating the nature and extent of NAPL, (2) evaluating if (and how) human and ecological receptors may be exposed to NAPL, and (3) assessing remedial alternatives. In addition, demonstrating the potential movement of NAPL in sediments is hampered by the lack of standardized terminology and characterization protocols, thus necessitating this guide. 4.1.1 Understanding the presence and movement of NAPL in sediments is complicated by the lack of standardized protocols for characterizing NAPL movement in the diverse range of sediment environments. Literature searches have indicated that there is a limited body of available, applicable research. Current research has focused on site-specific sediment NAPL mobility assessment approaches, but application of common methods or decision-making processes identified across sites were limited. 4.1.2 The movement (or lack of movement) of NAPL in sediments is a key factor in developing protective remedial options for NAPL-impacted sediments and for the long-term management of sediment sites. Typical exposure pathways that are addressed through risk management decisions at upland sites are usually not applicable to sediment sites. Rather, “contaminants in the biologically active layer of the surface sediment at a site often drive exposure” ( 1 ) 5 , because in aquatic environments, benthic organisms live in the surface sediment to maintain access to oxygenated overlying water. NAPL that is present in subsurface sediment below the biologically active layer that is not migrating and has an overlying sediment that is expected to remain in place (that is, is not dredged or eroded) does not pose a risk to human or ecological receptors, because there is no pathway for exposure. Therefore, remediation of the NAPL may not be warranted. Thus, understanding NAPL presence, extent and potential movement is a key factor in managing contaminated sediment sites. 4.2 This guide will aid users in developing the scope and method selection for investigating the presence and characteristics of NAPL in a sediment environment. This guide provides an overview of the sample collection, field screening and sample handling methods for investigating the presence or absence of NAPL, as well as characteristics of NAPL in the sediment environment. 4.2.1 Use of this guide supports a multiple lines of evidence approach to evaluate NAPL movement in sediments. 4.2.2 This guide should be used to support existing decision frameworks for field screening and sample collection for NAPL-impacted sediments. 4.2.3 This guide is not intended to provide specific guidance on sediment site investigation, risk assessment, monitoring or remedial action. 4.3 Assessment of NAPL movement in sediments is an evolving science. This guide provides a systematic, yet flexible, decision framework to accommodate variations in approaches by regulatory agencies and users, based on project objectives, site complexity, unique site features, programmatic and regulatory requirements, newly developed guidance, newly published scientific research, use of alternative scientifically based methods and procedures, changes in regulatory criteria, advances in scientific knowledge and technical capability, multiple lines of evidence approach, and unforeseen circumstances. 4.4 The use of this guide is consistent with the sediment risk-based corrective action (RBCA) process that guides the user to acquire and evaluate appropriate data and use each piece of data to refine goals, objectives, receptors, exposure pathways, and the CSM. As the sediment RBCA process proceeds, data and conclusions reached at each tier help focus subsequent tiered evaluations. This integrated process results in efficient, cost-effective decision-making and timely, appropriate response actions for NAPL-impacted sediments. 4.5 This guide is not intended to replace or supersede federal, state, local, or international regulatory requirements. Users of this guide should confirm the regulatory guidance and requirements for the jurisdiction in which they are working. This guide may be used to complement and support such requirements. 4.5.1 This guide may be used by various parties involved at a sediment site, including regulatory agencies, project sponsors, environmental consultants, site remediation professionals, environmental contractors, analytical testing laboratories, data reviewers and users, and other stakeholders. 4.5.2 This guide does not replace the need for engaging competent persons to evaluate NAPL emplacement and movement in sediments. Activities described in this guide should be conducted by persons familiar with NAPL-impacted sediment site characterization and remediation techniques, as well as sediment NAPL movement assessment protocols. The users of this guide should consider assembling a team of experienced project professionals with appropriate expertise to scope, plan, and execute sediment NAPL data acquisition activities. 4.6 The user of this guide should review the overall structure and components of this guide before proceeding with use, including the following sections: 4.6.1 Section 1 : Scope; 4.6.2 Section 2 : Referenced Documents; 4.6.3 Section 3 : Terminology; 4.6.4 Section 4 : Significance and Use; 4.6.5 Section 5 : NAPL Mobility Field Investigation Overview; 4.6.6 Section 6 : Sediment Sample Collection Procedures; 4.6.7 Section 7 : Sediment Sample Field Characterization; 4.6.8 Section 8 : Sediment Sample Handling, Storage, and Transport; 4.6.9 Section 9 : Field Methods for Determining Hydraulic Conditions; 4.6.10 Section 10 : Keywords; 4.6.11 Appendix X1 : Additional Sediment Sample Collection Considerations; and 4.6.12 Appendix X2 : Case Study.