1.1 这些做法涉及使用散装收集方法，使用干拭子和层压卡，然后使用无菌湿拭子的拭子取样方法，从固体无孔表面收集可疑生物制剂和毒素的可见粉末。散装粉末样品的收集和包装方式应允许将最大数量的样品安全运输到疾病控制和预防中心（CDC）国家实验室响应网络（LRN）内的参考实验室 2. 用于确认身份和安全存储。如果粉末的来源是信件或小包装，则该物品的包装方式也应允许其安全运输至LRN参考实验室。无菌湿润拭子可用于收集无孔表面的残余粉末，并可用于进行现场生物评估，以测试生物制剂和毒素。 1.2 这些做法是与联邦调查局（FBI）协调进行的，作为风险评估的一部分，包括危险评估和威胁可信度评估，如指南中建议和澄清的那样 E2770 . 实施这些做法并收集公共安全样本的决定将由负责的司法管辖区响应社区成员通过与FBI和接收LRN参考实验室的协调作出。 1.3 样品收集方法A涵盖了从固体无孔表面批量收集和包装可疑的可见粉末，这些粉末是可疑的生物制剂和毒素。应根据样品收集方法A收集所有怀疑为生物制剂和非孔表面毒素的样品，并将其发送至LRN参考实验室进行确认测试。 1.4 样品采集方法B包括用棉签对固体无孔表面的残留可疑粉末进行采样，这些粉末是可疑的生物制剂和毒素。 拭子样本可用于现场生物评估；然而，现场生物评估的结果并不确定；LRN参考实验室的验证性测试对于做出公共卫生决策是必要的。 1.5 这些做法包括可疑可见粉末的包装和运输参考指南，以符合所有有关生物安全和生物安保的适当联邦法规。 1.6 这些做法只能用于收集可疑生物制剂和毒素的可见样本，并根据爆炸危险、辐射危险和其他急性化学危险的参考指南进行现场筛选。 1.7 以国际单位制表示的数值应视为标准值。括号中给出的值仅供参考。 1.8 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全和健康实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.9 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 4.1 这些做法只能用于收集可疑生物制剂和毒素的可见样本，并根据FBI-DHS-HHS/CDC协调文件的定义进行现场筛选，以确定爆炸危险、辐射危险和其他急性化学危险。 4.2 这些做法为收集、包装和运输可疑的可见粉末样品提供了标准化方法，这些粉末样品是可疑的生物制剂和毒素。使用无菌棉签和层压卡作为收集设备从无孔表面收集散装粉末材料，将材料移入容器取决于几个因素，包括（但不限于）: (1) 存在的可见粉末量； (2) 样品组成； (3) 收集装置的选择； (4) 收集容器的大小和形状； (5) 粉末雾化的能力； (6) 表面的纹理和孔隙度； (7) 湿度 (8) 空气运动；和 (9) 粉末和收集工具/容器的静电特性。 4.3 同样，这些实践规范了现场分析用可疑可见粉末的取样方法，尽管现场通常采用擦拭和拭子取样进行后续LRN参考实验室分析。使用无菌湿润拭子从无孔表面收集合适样本的能力取决于以下因素: (1) 抽汲程序； (2) 拭子材料； (3) 样品组成；和 (4) 表面纹理。 4.4 这些实践规范了可疑粉末收集和包装程序以及拭子取样程序，以降低暴露风险，减少与样品处理和样品分析相关的可变性，并提高从无孔表面取样可见粉末样品的可靠性。 4.5 建议采用散装样品采集规程和拭子采样规程，从所有无孔表面收集聚集或分散的粉末样品，可疑粉末样品在这些表面上清晰可见。 4.6 对于室内装饰、地毯、空气过滤器或天花板瓷砖等多孔材料上的样品，不建议采用这些做法。 4.7 建议使用这些方法收集可见粉末，其中大部分粉末样品聚集或分散在有限的区域（最佳情况下，面积应小于20×20 cm（约8×8 in.）或400厘米 2. （约64英寸。 2. ). 4.8 这些做法应由受过充分培训的人员执行，以在高温区处理危险品（见NFPA 472或OSHA-29 CFR 1910.120）。根据这些规程进行采集或筛选的人员应接受充分的采样设备、材料和程序使用培训。 这包括进行事先初始化学和辐射筛查的人员。人员应使用适当级别的个人防护装备（PPE），以减轻收集和筛选过程中的危险。根据这些惯例进行收集或筛选的人员应了解证据保存和采样程序（NFPA 472第6.5节）。 4.9 应根据指南使用这些标准做法 E2770 了解规划、培训和能力评估的最佳实践。

1.1 These practices address collection of visible powders that are suspected biological agents and toxins from solid nonporous surfaces using a bulk collection method, using a dry swab and laminated card, followed by a swab sampling method using a sterile moistened swab. Bulk powder samples are collected and packaged in a manner that permits the maximum amount of the sample to be safely transported to a reference laboratory within the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) national Laboratory Response Network (LRN) 2 for confirmatory identification and safe storage. If the source of the powder is a letter or small package, that item is also packaged in a manner that permits it to be safely transported to an LRN reference laboratory. A sterile moistened swab may be used to collect residual powder from the nonporous surface and may be used to conduct on-site biological assessments for the purpose of testing for biological agents and toxins. 1.2 These practices are performed in coordination with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) as part of a risk assessment including hazard assessment and threat credibility evaluation as recommended and clarified in Guide E2770 . The decision to implement these practices and collect a public safety sample will be made by members of the response community of the jurisdiction assuming responsibility through coordination with the FBI and the receiving LRN reference laboratory. 1.3 Sample Collection Method A covers the bulk collection and packaging of suspicious visible powders that are suspected biological agents and toxins from solid nonporous surfaces. All samples suspected to be biological agents and toxins on nonporous surfaces should be collected according to Sample Collection Method A and sent to an LRN reference laboratory for confirmatory testing. 1.4 Sample Collection Method B covers swab sampling of residual suspicious powders that are suspected biological agents and toxins from solid nonporous surfaces. Swab samples can be used for on-site biological assessment; however results from on-site biological assessments are not definitive; confirmatory testing by the LRN reference laboratory is necessary to make public health decisions. 1.5 These practices incorporate reference guidance for packaging and transport of suspicious visible powders to comply with all appropriate federal regulations regarding biosafety and biosecurity. 1.6 These practices should only be used to collect visible samples that are suspected biological agents and toxins and have been field screened according to reference guidance for explosive hazard, radiological hazard, and other acute chemical hazards. 1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 These practices should be used only to collect visible samples that are suspected biological agents and toxins and have been field screened as defined by the FBI-DHS-HHS/CDC Coordinated Document for explosive hazard, radiological hazard, and other acute chemical hazards. 4.2 These practices provide standardized methods for collecting, packaging, and transporting suspicious visible powder samples that are suspected biological agents and toxins. Collection of a bulk powder material from a nonporous surface using a sterile swab and laminated card as the collection devices to move the material into a container will depend on several factors, including (but not limited to): (1) amount of visible powder present; (2) sample composition; (3) choice of collection device; (4) size and shape of the collection container; (5) ability of the powder to become aerosolized; (6) texture and porosity of the surface; (7) humidity; (8) air movement; and (9) electrostatic properties of powders and collection tools/containers. 4.3 Similarly, these practices standardize methods for sampling suspicious visible powders for on-site analysis, although wipe and swab sampling is often employed in the field for subsequent LRN reference laboratory analysis. The ability to collect suitable samples from nonporous surfaces using a sterile moistened swab will depend on the following factors: (1) swabbing procedure; (2) swab material; (3) sample composition; and (4) texture of the surface. 4.4 These practices standardize suspicious powder collection and packaging procedures and swab sampling procedures in order to reduce exposure risk, to reduce variability associated with sample handling and sample analysis, and to increase reliability of sampling visible powder samples from nonporous surfaces. 4.5 The bulk sample collection practice and the swab sampling practice are recommended for collecting amassed or dispersed powder samples from all nonporous surfaces on which the suspicious powder sample is clearly visible. 4.6 These practices are not recommended for samples on porous materials such as upholstery, carpeting, air filters, or ceiling tiles. 4.7 These practices are recommended for collecting visible powders where the bulk of the powder sample is amassed or dispersed over a limited area (optimally, area should be less than 20 by 20 cm (approximately 8 by 8 in.) or 400 cm 2 (approximately 64 in. 2 ). 4.8 These practices are to be performed by personnel who are adequately trained to work with hazardous materials in the hot zone (see NFPA 472, or OSHA - 29 CFR 1910.120). Personnel performing collection or screening under these practices shall be adequately trained in the use of sampling equipment, materials, and procedures. This includes personnel performing the prior initial chemical and radiological screening. Personnel should use the appropriate level of personal protective equipment (PPE) to mitigate hazards during collection and screening. Personnel performing collection or screening under these practices shall be aware of evidence preservation and sampling procedures (NFPA 472 section 6.5). 4.9 These standard practices should be used in accordance with Guide E2770 for best practices for planning, training and evaluation of competency.