多年来，压力容器设计人员一直关注和感兴趣的问题之一是非径向或斜孔和喷嘴连接的正确设计。在这个问题上，较早且更成功的调查者之一是布莱尔，他在20世纪30年代末和40年代初发展并证明了他的“三种形式”“压力管道中横向和Y形连接的加固。然而，一般来说，这种加固形式不适合在大多数传统压力容器中使用，尤其是在热应力存在问题的应用中。在过去几年中，已经发表了一些论文，提供了有关该问题各个方面的数据，但一般来说，这些研究《关贸总协定》的范围有些有限，似乎没有充分处理“问题的根本”。 “尽管如此，其中某些数据填补了PVRC项目数据中的重大空白。因此，在接下来的报告中，我们使用了所有已发布和未发布的数据，这些数据似乎有助于对问题的全面理解。就PVRC项目而言，这些报告代表着当前计划的基本完成内压下斜接管的实验研究。我们认识到这项工作在许多方面是不完整的；然而，由于涉及大量变量，对可能使用的所有形式的开口和钢筋进行测试几乎是一项无休止的任务。目前，除了后面提到的一个模型外，没有计划对斜接管问题进行进一步的研究，除了（1）球体中紧密连接的应力（“立管问题”）； （2） 球形单斜接管上的外部荷载（补充一项已完成的圆柱体横向连接试验）和（3）圆柱体横向连接的极限分析试验。这些测试将提供非常有限的“副产品”内压弹性测试数据，其中田纳西大学UT-1B模型和滑铁卢大学模型UW-Y2就是例子。在下文对倾斜喷嘴数据的解释性讨论中，主要重点将放在一个应力量的测量和评估上，即喷嘴孔中的周向应力，或没有连接喷嘴的壳体孔的周向应力。 除了圆柱体上的“山坡”连接外，这很可能是具有任何材料倾斜角度的孔或喷嘴在内部压力载荷下的临界应力。此外，其他位置的应力，例如喷嘴和壳体的外部连接处，通常可以通过常规方法控制，例如通过使用较大的圆角半径或过渡段。虽然我们认为得出的主要结论得到了现有证据的充分支持，但至少在质量上，目前关于这个问题的数据肯定不是全面的。

One of the problems which has concerned and intrigued pressure vessel designers for a good many years has been the proper design on nonradial, or oblique holes and nozzle connections. One of the earlier and more successful investigators of this problem was Blair,' who in the late 1930's and early 1940's developed and proved his 'tri-form" reinforcements for lateral and wye connections in penstocks. However, generally speaking, this form of reinforcement is not suitable for use in most conventional pressure vessels, particularly in applications where thermal stresses are a problem. Within the past few years, a number of papers have been issued providing data on various aspects of this problem, but generally speaking these investigations were of somewhat limited scope and seemingly did not deal adequately with the "fundamentals of the problem." Nevertheless, certain of these data fill significant gaps in the PVRC program data. Therefore, in the report which follows, use is made of all data available to us-both published and unpublished-which would appear to contribute significantly to an overall understanding of the problem. Insofar as the PVRC program is concerned, these reports represent the essential completion of currently planned experimental work on skewed nozzles under internal pressure. We recognize that this work is incomplete in a number of respects; however, test of all forms of openings and reinforcements which might be used is virtually an endless task because of the large number of variables involved. At the present time, except for one model to be mentioned later, no further work on the problem of skewed nozzles is planned except in terms of (1) stresses in closely spaced connections in a sphere (the "stand pipe problem"); (2) external loadings on single skewed nozzles in spheres (supplementing one test which has already been completed on a lateral connection in a cylinder) and (3) limit analysis tests of lateral connections on a cylinder. These tests will provide very limited, "by product" elastic test data under internal pressure, of which the University of Tennessee model UT-1B and the University of Waterloo model UW-Y2 are examples. In the interpretive discussion of data on skewed nozzles which follows, primary emphasis will be given to the measurement and evaluation of one stress quantity-namely, the circumferential stress in the bore of the nozzle, or circumferential to the hole in the shell where there is no attached nozzle. Except for the case of a "hillside" connection on a cylinder, this is by all odds the critical stress, under internal pressure loading, for a hole or nozzle having any material skew angle. Further, the stresses at other locations, such as the outside junction of the nozzle and shell, can ordinarily be controlled by conventional means, such as by the use of generous fillet radii or transition sections. Whereas we believe that the primary conclusions reached are well supported by the available evidence, in a qualitative sense at least, the data currently available on the problem are certainly not all-encompassing.