四个主要的环境变量构成了环境。这些是干球温度、平均辐射温度、蒸汽压和空气流速。在这些变量的任何组合中，人类的生理反应也会受到其活动水平（内部热量产生）和所穿衣服类型的影响。服装有三个基本参数。这些是以clo单位表示的干绝缘值、因其影响调节性出汗冷却效率而产生的水蒸气转移阻力，以及衣服表面的发射率。 第二个参数由Woodcock引入的“渗透率指数”或Nishi和Ibamoto引入的“渗透率效率因子”表示。对于普通服装，第三个参数，即表面发射率，一直被假定为与皮肤的发射率相似，接近统一，因此被忽略为一个因素。随着新面料的开发，尤其是那些低发射率的面料，因此具有降低辐射负荷的能力，在描述服装时应考虑服装的表面发射率。 任何服装套装的绝缘值都可以通过使用铜人体模型来确定。Sprague和Munson3报告了各种男女服装以及服装套装的测量结果。他们还开发了线性回归方程，用于根据每个服装套装的个人隔热值预测男女服装套装的隔热值。在Nishi et a1最近的一篇论文中。直接比色法用于测量气候室内有活体受试者的衣服的绝缘值和水分转移特性。 本论文的目的是提出一种第三种替代方法，用于在无法使用铜人体模型或带有所有必要仪器的气候室时，估算服装整体的隔热值。该方法基于一个简单的传热模型，该模型根据单层服装面料的物理数据预测其隔热值。然后，建议理论预测的热稳定性- 服装的隔热值可用于根据Sprague和Munson开发的线性回归方程预测服装整体的隔热值。引文:德克萨斯州达拉斯阿什雷交易录第82卷第一部分

Four main environmental variables make up the environment. These are the dry-bulb temperature, the mean radiant temperature, the vapor pressure, and the air velocity. In any combination of these variables man's physiological reactions are also influenced by his activity level (internal heat production), and the type of clothing he wears. Three basic parameters characterize the clothing. These are the dry insulation value expressed in clo units, the resistance to water vapor transfer as it affects the efficiency of cooling by regulatory sweating, and the emissivity of the surface of the clothing. The second parameter is expressed either by the "Permeability Index" introduced by Woodcock, or by the "Permeability Efficiency Factor" introduced by Nishi and Ibamoto. For ordinary clothing, the third parameter, namely the surface emissivity, has always been assumed to be similar to that of the skin, close to unity, and as a result was disregarded as a factor. As new fabrics are developed, particularly those with low emissivity and therefore having the capability of reducing radiation loads, the surface emissivity of the clothing should be considered in characterizing the clothing.The insulation value of any clothing ensemble can be determined by the use of the copper manikin. Sprague and Munson3 reported such measurements for a great variety of individual men and women's garments as well as clothing ensembles. They also developed linear regression equations for predicting the insulation values of men and women's clothing ensembles from the individua1 insulation values of the garments of each ensemble. In a recent paper by Nishi et a1. direct colorimetry was used to measure the insulation value and moisture transfer characteristic of clothing with live subjects inside a climatic chamber. The objective of the present paper is to present a third alternative method for estimating the thermal insulation value of a clothing ensemble, when the use of a copper manikin, or a climatic chamber with all necessary instrumentation, is not readily available. The method is based on a simple heat transfer model which predicts the thermal insulation values of single layer garments from the physical data of their fabrics. It is then recommended that the theoretically predicted thermal-insulation values of garments be used to predict the insulation values of clothing ensembles from the linear regression equations developed by Sprague and Munson.