本powerpoint演示文稿首先简要概述了两种压降， 饲料间隔通道和跨膜，以及生物量积累对 压降。介绍的主题包括:压降、流量的发展 和污垢；需要一个监视器；膜污染模拟器；污垢分析-比较 全尺寸vs试验台vs MFS；恒定营养负荷下的线速度效应；实践观察；核磁共振/核磁共振成像- 潜在的强大工具；压降增大；二维图像和速度剖面 在生物膜积累期间；并且，间隔棒的存在对 压降发展。 演示结论表明:可以使用膜来研究膜生物污染 污垢模拟器 -具有代表性、灵敏、快速和早期检测； 压降（增加）必须是研究的重点 -累积生物量对压降（增加）的影响 受水动力条件影响；受限生物量对速度场影响较大；而且，压降（增加）是进料间隔棒的问题。包括数字。

This powerpoint presentation begins by providing a brief overview of two types of pressure drop, feed spacer channel and transmembrane, and the effect of biomass accumulation on pressure drop. Topics presented include: development of pressure drop, flux and fouling; the need for a monitor; membrane fouling simulator; fouling analysis - comparison full scale vs test rig vs MFS; effect of linear velocity at constant nutrient load; observations from practice; NMR / MRI - a potential powerful tool; pressure drop increase; 2D images and velocity profiles during biofilm accumulation; and, influence spacer presence on pressure drop development. Presentation conclusions indicate the following: membrane biofouling can be studied using membrane fouling simulator - representative, sensitive, fast and early detection; pressure drop (increase) must be focus of research - effect accumulated biomass on pressure drop (increase) affected by hydrodynamic conditions; restricted biomass has big impact on velocity field; and, pressure drop (increase) is feed spacer problem. Includes figures.